Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell (Fourth edn). Garland Science Press, New York. p. 14–63.

Allman G J. 1855. On the occurrence among Infusoria of peculiar organs resembling thread cells. J. Microsc. Sci., 3: 177–179.

Berger H. 2006. Monograph of the Urostyloidea (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Springer Press, Heidelberg. p. 750–810.

Ehret C F, Mcardle E W. 1974. The structure of Paramecium as viewed from its constituent levies of organization. In: van Wagtendonk W J ed. Paramecium: Acurrent Survey. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company Press. p. 263–290.

Fyda J, Warren A, Wolinska J. 2005. An investigation of predator-induced defense responses in ciliated protozoa. J. Nat. Hist., 39: 1 431–1 442.

Giovanna R, Letizia M. 2003. Extrusomes in ciliates: diversification, distribution, and phylogenetic implications. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 50(6): 383–402.

Gu F K, Ni B. 1993. The exploration of preparing protozoan specimen for scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Chinese Electron Microscopy Society, 12(6): 525–529. (in Chinese)

Gu F K, Chen L, Ni B. 2002. A comparative study on the electron microscopic enzymo-cytochemistry of Paramecium bursaria from light and dark cultures Europ. J. Protistol., 38: 267–278.

Gu F K, Ni B. 1995. An ultrastructural study on resting cyst of Euplotes encysticus. Acta Biol. Exper Sin., 28: 163–171. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Grim J N, Manganaro C A. 1985. Form of the extrusomes and secreted material of the ciliated protozoon Pseudourostyla cristata with some phylogenetic. Microsc. Soc., 104(4): 350–359.

Hausmann K. 1978. Extrusive organelles in Protists. Int. Rev. Cytol., 52: 197–276.

Hausmann K. 1977. Development of compound trichocysts in the ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius. Protoplasma, 92: 263–268.

Hausmann K. 2002. Food acquisition, food ingestion and food digestion by protists. Jpn. J. Protozool., 35: 85–95.

Jerka-Dziadosz M. 1964. Urostyla cristata sp. n. (Urostylidae, Hypotrichida), the morphology morphgenesis. Acta protozool., 2: 123–129.

Janusz F, Gabrielle K. 2006. Ultrastuctural events in the predator-induced defenses response of Colpidium kleini (Ciliophora: Hymenostomatia). Acta Protozool., 45: 461–464.

Krugens P, Lee R E, Corliss J O. 1994. Ultrastructure, biogenesis and functions of extrusive organelles in selected non-ciliate protists. Protoplasma, 181: 164–190.

Suganuma Y. 1973. Electron microscopy of the trichocysts in Urostyla cristata, a hypotrichous ciliate. J. Electron. Microsc., 22: 347–352.

Weinke K A. 1972. Unique organization of microtubules in a protozoan trichocyst (Abstr.). Anat. Eec., 172: 432.