‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China

Qiugui WANG; Enzong XIAO; Penggao FANG; Qiangqiang ZHONG; Jinli CUI; Tangfu XIAO; Siyi HU

doi:10.1007/s00343-026-5446-4

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China

Updated：2026-09-17

- ‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China
- ‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China
- 海洋湖沼学报(英文) 2026年页码：1-17
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  2.Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan 316000, China
  3.Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
  4.School of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Author bio：
  
  tfxiao@gzhu.edu.cn
  syhu@hainanu.edu.cn
- Funds：
  
  the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42373069;42307280);the Qinghai Provincial Key Research and Development and Transformation Program(2024-QY207);the Guangdong Special Support Program(2024TX08A218);the Science and Technology Foundation of Guangzhou City(2025A04J3358)
- DOI：10.1007/s00343-026-5446-4
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2025-11-12，
  
  网络首发：2026-09-17，
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Qiugui WANG, Enzong XIAO, Penggao FANG, 等. ‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China[J/OL]. 海洋湖沼学报(英文), 2026,1-17.

WANG Qiugui,XIAO Enzong,FANG Penggao,et al.‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,
Qiugui WANG, Enzong XIAO, Penggao FANG, 等. ‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China[J/OL]. 海洋湖沼学报(英文), 2026,1-17. DOI： 10.1007/s00343-026-5446-4.

WANG Qiugui,XIAO Enzong,FANG Penggao,et al.‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, DOI：.

摘要

Abstract

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils and river sediments pose major ecological risks. However

their distribution

sources

and geochemical behavior in subtropical granite derived watersheds remain insufficiently constrained. In this study

15 surface soil and 12 river sediment samples were collected from a granitic watershed in Zhejiang Province

China

to investigate the spatial distribution

provenance

and ecological risks of seven PTEs (arsenic (As)

cadmium (Cd)

chromium (Cr)

copper (Cu)

nickel (Ni)

lead (Pb)

and zinc (Zn)). The resulted show that PTE concentrations vary widely

in the range of 1.4–38.4 mg/kg for As

0.05–1.32 mg/kg for Cd

4.0–94.0 mg/kg for Cr

2.5–37.0 mg/kg for Cu

2.0–27.5 mg/kg for Ni

21.5–108 mg/kg for Pb

and 56–202 mg/kg for Zn. Cr

and Ni exhibit decreasing concentrations from upstream to downstream

reflecting dominant lithogenic control by granite weathering

whereas Cd

and Zn show enrichment in midstream and downstream areas due to anthropogenic inputs. On average

river sediment Cd concentrations are 2.5 times higher than those in soils. Risk assessment indicates that several PTEs exceed regional background values

but Cd exhibits the strongest enrichment

with enrichment factor (EF) values up to 12.1. Ecological risk assessment based on an adjusted potential ecological risk index (RI) indicates that the watershed is generally characterized by low to moderate ecological risk. However

Cd contributes disproportionately to total ecological risk

accounting for 42.2%–82.5% (mean 73.8%) of the RI values

and midstream sediments represent clear risk hotspots. Multivariate statistical analyses distinguish lithogenic PTEs (Cr

Ti) with low mobility and residual enrichment from anthropogenic PTEs (Cd

Zn) exhibiting strong particle-associated transport and cumulative downstream accumulation. These results demonstrate that soil-sediment transfer amplifies Cd-dominated ecological risks in granite-derived agricultural watersheds and highlight the need for targeted agricultural management strategies.

关键词

Keywords

references

Adnan M , Zhao P , Xiao B H et al . 2025 . Heavy metal pollution and source analysis of soils around abandoned Pb/Zn smelting sites: environmental risks and fractionation analysis. Environmental Technology & Innovation , 38 : 104084 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2025.104084 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2025.104084 .

Augustsson C , Aehnelt M , Olivarius M et al . 2023 . Provenance from the geochemical composition of terrestrial clastic deposits—a review with case study from the intracontinental Permo-Triassic of European Pangea. Sedimentary Geology , 456 : 106496 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2023.106496 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2023.106496 .

Bertrand S , Tjallingii R , Kylander M E et al . 2024 . Inorganic geochemistry of lake sediments: a review of analytical techniques and guidelines for data interpretation. Earth - Science Reviews , 249 : 104639 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104639 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104639 .

Bordas F , Bourg A . 2001 . Effect of solid/liquid ratio on the remobilization of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn from polluted river sediment . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 128 ( 3 ): 391 - 400 , https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010319004844 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010319004844 .

Cai N , Wang X P , Wang W L et al . 2024 . Accumulation, ecological health risks, and source identification of potentially toxic elements in river sediments of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China . Process Safety and Environmental Protection , 182 : 703 - 718 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.12.026 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.12.026 .

Cao M M , Tang Q F , Gai N et al . 2025 . Contamination characteristics, source apportionment, and risk assessment of heavy metals and metalloids in the soil-crop-human system within the typical high geological background region of the Yangtze River Delta. Journal of Environmental Management , 391 : 126443 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126443 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126443 .

Chen L , Fang L C , Yang X et al . 2024 . Sources and human health risks associated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in urban dust: a global perspective. Environment International , 187 : 108708 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108708 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108708 .

China Environmental Monitoring Center . 1990 . Background Values of Soil Elements in China . Beijing : China Environment Science Press , p. 329 - 493 . (in Chinese)

Cui J L , Zhou X Y , Chen Y X et al . 2023 . Geochemical enrichment, speciation and mobilization of arsenic and antimony in black shales (southern China): evidence from sequential fractionation and XANES spectroscopy. Chemical Geology , 637 : 121647 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121647 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121647 .

Douce A E P . 1993 . Titanium substitution in biotite: an empirical model with applications to thermometry, O 2 and H 2 O barometries, and consequences for biotite stability . Chemical Geology , 108 ( 1-4 ): 133 - 162 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90321-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90321-9 .

Efthimiou N , Psomiadis E , Panagos P . 2020 . Fire severity and soil erosion susceptibility mapping using multi-temporal Earth Observation data: the case of Mati fatal wildfire in Eastern Attica, Greece. Catena , 187 : 104320 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104320 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104320 .

El-Dokouny H A , Mahdy N M , El Hadek H H et al . 2023 . Origin of amphibole-biotite-fluorite-rich enclaves from Gabal El-Ineigi fluorite-bearing granite, central eastern desert of Egypt: insights into fluoride-calcium and silicate liquid immiscibility . Minerals , 13 ( 5 ): 670 , https://doi.org/10.3390/min13050670 https://doi.org/10.3390/min13050670 .

Fang P G , Wang Q G , Zhong Q Q et al . 2026 . Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of heavy metals in commercial shellfish from Zhoushan, one of China's largest seafood markets. Marine Pollution Bulletin , 223 : 118964 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118964 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118964 .

Gao L , Li R , Liang Z B et al . 2021 . Mobilization mechanisms and toxicity risk of sediment trace metals (Cu, Z n, Ni, and Pb) based on diffusive gradients in thin films: a case study in the Xizhi River basin, South China. Journal of Hazardous Materials , 410 : 124590 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124590 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124590 .

Garçon M , Chauvel C , France-Lanord C et al . 2014 . Which minerals control the Nd-Hf-Sr-Pb isotopic compositions of river sediments? Chemical Geology , 364 : 42 - 55 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.11.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.11.018 .

Gong J J , Gao J W , Wu H et al . 2024 . Heavy metal spatial distribution, source analysis, and ecological risks in the central hilly area of Hainan Island, China: results from a high-density soil survey . Environmental Geochemistry and Health , 46 ( 6 ): 210 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-02031-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-02031-1 .

Gope M , Masto R E , George J et al . 2018 . Tracing source, distribution and health risk of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in street dust of Durgapur, India . Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 154 : 280 - 293 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.042 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.042 .

Hakanson L . 1980 . An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. a sedimentological approach . Water Research , 14 ( 8 ): 975 - 1001 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8 .

Heltai G , Győri Z , Fekete I et al . 2018 . Longterm study of transformation of potentially toxic element pollution in soil/water/sediment system by means of fractionation with sequential extraction procedures . Microchemical Journal , 136 : 85 - 93 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2017.01.026 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2017.01.026 .

Hou Q Y , Yang Z F , Yu T et al . 2020 . Impacts of parent material on distributions of potentially toxic elements in soils from Pearl River Delta in South China . Scientific Reports , 10 ( 1 ): 17394 , https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74490-2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74490-2 .

Khalijian A , Lorestani B , Sobhanardakani S et al . 2022 . Ecotoxicological assessment of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Ni and V) contamination in the sediments of southern part of Caspian Sea, the case of Khazar Abad, Mazandaran Province, Iran . Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 109 ( 6 ): 1142 - 1149 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-022-03621-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-022-03621-4 .

Kowalska J B , Mazurek R , Gąsiorek M et al . 2018 . Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination—a review . Environmental Geochemistry and Health , 40 ( 6 ): 2395 - 2420 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0106-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0106-z .

Li H S , Gu Y G , Liang R Z et al . 2023 . Heavy metals in riverine/estuarine sediments from an aquaculture wetland in metropolitan areas, China: characterization, bioavailability and probabilistic ecological risk. Environmental Pollution , 324 : 121370 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121370 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121370 .

Li J G , Xie Z Y , Qiu X C et al . 2022 . Heavy metal habitat: a novel framew ork for mapping heavy metal contamination over large-scale catchment with a species distribution model. Water Research , 226 : 119310 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.119310 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.119310 .

Li J L , Dai J R , Yang L Y . 2025 . Heavy metal enrichment characteristics and synergistic evaluation in soil-crop-human systems of agricultural land with different soil parent materials . Environmental Geochemistry and Health , 47 ( 3 ): 71 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-025-02382-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-025-02382-3 .

Li W Y , Ma C Q , Liu Y Y et al . 2012 . Discovery of the Indosinian aluminum A-type granite in Zhejiang Province and its geological significance . Science China Earth Sciences , 55 ( 1 ): 13 - 25 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-011-4351-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-011-4351-6 .

Liu X , Xue Q Q , Tian Y Z et al . 2024 . Potential toxic components in size-resolved particles and gas from residential combustion: emission factor and health risk. Environment International , 185 : 108551 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108551 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108551 .

Müller G . 1969 . Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River . GeoJournal , 2 ( 3 ): 108 - 118 .

Milnes A R , Fitzpatrick R W . 1989 . Titanium and zirconium minerals. In : Dixon J B, Weed S B eds. Minerals in Soil Environments . Madison : Soil Science Society of America , p. 1131 - 1205 , https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser1.2ed.c23 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser1.2ed.c23 .

Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China (MEEC) , State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) . Soil environmental quality: risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land: GB 15618-2018 . Beijing : China Environmental Press , 2018 . (in Chinese)

Miranda L S , Ayoko G A , Egodawatta P et al . 2022 . Adsorption-desorption behavior of heavy metals in aquatic environments: influence of sediment, water and metal ionic properties. Journal of Hazardous Materials , 421 : 126743 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126743 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126743 .

Nie Z Q , Luo J B , Tang J et al . 2025 . Pollution sources, characteristics and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in surface water and sediments of typical pyrite mine in Southwest China . Journal of Environmental Sciences , 157 : 742 - 755 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2025.01.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2025.01.008 .

Ou S H , Sun J , Hu F et al . 2025 . Source-oriented and bioaccessibility-based health risk of persistent toxic elements in peri-urban vegetable farm soils of a megacity . Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , 7 : 2005 - 2006 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2025.09.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2025.09.001 .

Peng B , Chen H S , Fang X H et al . 2022 . Distribution of Pb isotopes in different chemical fractions in bed sediments from lower reaches of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan province of China. Science of the Total Environment , 829 : 154394 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154394 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154394 .

Peng H , Chen Y L , Weng L P et al . 2019 . Comparisons of heavy metal input inventory in agricultural soils in North and South China: a review . Science of the Total Environment , 660 : 776 - 786 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.066 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.066 .

Rubinos D A , Jerez Ó , Forghani G et al . 2021 . Geochemical stability of potentially toxic elements in porphyry copper-mine tailings from Chile as linked to ecological and human health risks assessment . Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 28 ( 41 ): 57499 - 57529 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12844-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12844-7 .

Sakan S , Mihajlidi-Zelić A , Ašković K et al . 2023 . The significance of applying different factors for the evaluation of sediment contamination by toxic elements and estimation of the ecological risk . Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 30 ( 18 ): 53461 - 53477 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26111-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26111-4 .

Saleh A , Dawood Y H , Gad A . 2022 . Assessment of potentially toxic elements' contamination in the soil of Greater Cairo, Egypt using geochemical and magnetic attributes . Land , 11 ( 3 ): 319 , https://doi.org/10.3390/land11030319 https://doi.org/10.3390/land11030319 .

Selahvarzi S , Ardakani S S . 2022 . Analysis and health risk assessment of toxic (Cd and Pb) and essential (Cu and Zn) elements through consumption of potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) cultivated in Iran . International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry , 102 ( 18 ): 6310 - 6320 , https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1807974 https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1807974 .

Sheng W K , Hou Q Y , Yang Z F et al . 2025 . Spatial heterogeneity of Soil Cd and Pb driven by combined effects of pedogenesis and anthropogenic activities: a case study in the mountainous and hilly region of Fujian Province, China. Environmental Research , 285 : 122251 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.122251 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.122251 .

Sobhanardakani S . 2017 . Potential health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of caviar of Persian sturgeon . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 123 ( 1-2 ): 34 - 38 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.033 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.033 .

Sreelesh R , Rani G V A , Sreelash K et al . 2025 . Seasonal dynamics, sources, and health risks of trace and heavy metals in the tropical critical zone of the Western Ghats, India . Environmental Geochemistry and Health , 47 ( 9 ): 349 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-025-02658-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-025-02658-8 .

Taboada T , Cortizas A M , García C et al . 2006 . Particle-size fractionation of titanium and zirconium during weathering and pedogenesis of granitic rocks in NW Spain . Geoderma , 131 ( 1-2 ): 218 - 236 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.03.025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.03.025 .

Tepanosyan G , Poghosyan Z , Sahakyan L . 2024 . Geochemical characterization of changes in the chemical composition of river sediments under the continuous anthropogenic influence of Yerevan, Armenia. Environmental Pollution , 359 : 124553 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124553 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124553 .

Terzano R , Rascio I , Allegretta I et al . 2021 . Fire effects on the distribution and bioavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils. Chemosphere , 281 : 130752 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130752 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130752 .

Wang F L , Yu Z H , Zhang Y L et al . 2024 . Source-risk and uncertainty assessment of trace metals in surface sediments of a human-dominated seaward catchment in eastern China. Journal of Hazardous Materials , 480 : 135960 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135960 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135960 .

Wang F Y , Chen J S , Chen J L et al . 1997 . Surface properties of natural aquatic sediments . Water Research , 31 ( 7 ): 1796 - 1800 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00013-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00013-4 .

Wang H Y , Lu S G . 2011 . Spatial distribution, source identification and affecting factors of heavy metals contamination in urban-suburban soils of Lishui city, China . Environmental Earth Sciences , 64 ( 7 ): 1921 - 1929 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1005-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1005-0 .

Wang M H . 2025 . Assessment of heavy metal pollution sources and environmental capacity of typical farmland soils in northwestern Zhejiang based on the geological background of black rock series. Frontiers in Environmental Science , 13 : 1601205 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1601205 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1601205 .

Wang Q C , Ma Z W . 2004 . Heavy metals in chemical fertilizer and environmental risks . Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment , 20 ( 2 ): 62 - 64 , https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-4831.2004.02.015. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-4831.2004.02.015. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Wang Q G , Wang H , Ma Y J et al . 2023a . Geochemical distributions of natural radionuclides in surface soils and sediments impacted by lead-zinc mining activity. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 263 : 115210 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115210 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115210 .

Wang Q G , Wang J L , Zhong Q Q et al . 2023b . Trace elements accumulation over a century in sediment cores from a tectonic lake on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau: source identification and risk assessment. Journal of Environmental Management , 329 : 117030 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117030 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117030 .

Wei W , Ling S X , Wu X Y et al . 2023 . Geochemical accumulation and source tracing of heavy metals in arable soils from a black shale catchment, southwestern China. Science of the Total Environment , 857 : 159467 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159467 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159467 .

Wu C , Sun B B , Tian M et al . 2024 . Enrichment characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in a farmland system with high geochemical Background in the Black Shale Region of Zhejiang, China . Minerals , 14 ( 4 ): 375 , https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040375 https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040375 .

Xu H Z , Wu D T , Li G S et al . 2021 . Input and output balance of cadmium (Cd) in cultivated land with moderate pollution in Songyang County . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University , 38 ( 6 ): 1231 - 1237 , https://doi.org/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200728. https://doi.org/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200728. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Yan C , Wu Q R , Li R et al . 2025 . Enrichment features, ecological risks assessment and quantitative sources appointment of sediment heavy metals: an example of the urbanized Xizhi River catchment, South China . Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , 7 : 263 - 274 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2025.01.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2025.01.002 .

Yang H R , Wang F E , Yu J et al . 2021 . An improved weighted index for the assessment of heavy metal pollution in soils in Zhejiang, China. Environmental Research , 192 : 110246 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110246 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110246 .

Yang J , Han Z Y , Yan Y X et al . 2024 . Neglected pathways of heavy metal input into agricultural soil: water-land migration of heavy metals due to flooding events. Water Research , 267 : 122469 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122469 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122469 .

Yang J H , Lin Y B . 2020 . Driving factors of total-factor substitution efficiency of chemical fertilizer input and related environmental regulation policy: a case study of Zhejiang Province. Environmental Pollution , 263 : 114541 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114541 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114541 .

Yang S H , Wu Y H , Ma J et al . 2022 . Human health risk-based Generic Assessment Criteria for agricultural soil in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, China. Environmental Research , 206 : 112277 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112277 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112277 .

Ye T C , Liu T C , Yi H L et al . 2025 . In situ arsenic immobilization by natural iron (oxyhydr) oxide precipitates in As-contaminated groundwater irrigation canals . Journal of Environmental Sciences , 153 : 143 - 157 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2024.04.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2024.04.005 .

Zhang F , Chen Y , Wang W W et al . 2022 . Impact of land-use/land-cover and landscape pattern on seasonal in-stream water quality in small watersheds. Journal of Cleaner Production , 357 : 131907 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131907 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131907 .

Zhou Y , Jiang D D , Ding D et al . 2022 . Ecological-health risks assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soils around a super-sized lead-zinc smelter with a long production history, in China. Environmental Pollution , 307 : 119487 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119487 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119487 .

Zozulya D , Macdonald R , Bagiński B et al . 2022 . Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf and REE fractionation in exotic pegmatite from the Keivy province, NW Russia, with implications for rare-metal mineralization in alkali feldspar granite systems. Ore Geology Reviews , 143 : 104779 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104779 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104779 .

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

Prevalence and risk assessment of antibiotics in riverine estuarine waters of Larut and Sangga Besar River, Perak

Comparison of freshwater microbial communities in water and microplastics surfaces: insights from Dongting Lake, China

Distribution and ecological risks of microplastics in a tropical tourism island area in Hainan, China

Microplastics in the seawater of the Beibu Gulf, the northern South China Sea: occurrence, sources, and ecological risk

Metyrapone supplementation mitigates cortisol-mediated growth inhibition and sex bias in high-density cultured Japanese eels Anguilla japonica