Ecological characteristics and carrying capacity analysis of marine ranching ecosystem in Beibu Gulf based on Ecopath model

Cheng CHENG; Haolin YU; Jie FENG; Yan LI; Qingxian CAO; Li LIU; Cheng YANG; Shan ZHAO; Shuo LI; Zhen ZHANG; Haiyan WANG; Tao ZHANG

doi:10.1007/s00343-025-4285-z

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Ecological characteristics and carrying capacity analysis of marine ranching ecosystem in Beibu Gulf based on Ecopath model

Ecology | Updated：2026-03-26

- Ecological characteristics and carrying capacity analysis of marine ranching ecosystem in Beibu Gulf based on Ecopath model
- Ecological characteristics and carrying capacity analysis of marine ranching ecosystem in Beibu Gulf based on Ecopath model
- 海洋湖沼学报(英文) 2026年44卷第1期页码：201-218
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  2.Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  3.North China Sea Marine Forecasting Center of State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
  4.Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao 266061, China
  5.Guangxi Institute of Oceanography, Nanning 536006, China
- Author bio：
  
  haiyanwang@qdio.ac.cn
  tzhang@qdio.ac.cn
- Funds：
  
  the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD2401301);the Primary Research and Development Plan of Guangxi Province(GuiKe AB21220064);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42106102;42306151);the Shandong Postdoctoral Science Foundation(SDCXZG202301009)
- DOI：10.1007/s00343-025-4285-z
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2024-10-29，
  
  录用：2025-03-07，
  
  网络首发：2025-04-11，
  
  纸质出版：2026-01-01
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Cheng CHENG, Haolin YU, Jie FENG, 等. Ecological characteristics and carrying capacity analysis of marine ranching ecosystem in Beibu Gulf based on Ecopath model[J]. 海洋湖沼学报(英文), 2026,44(1):201-218.

CHENG Cheng,YU Haolin,FENG Jie,et al.Ecological characteristics and carrying capacity analysis of marine ranching ecosystem in Beibu Gulf based on Ecopath model[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2026,44(01):201-218.
Cheng CHENG, Haolin YU, Jie FENG, 等. Ecological characteristics and carrying capacity analysis of marine ranching ecosystem in Beibu Gulf based on Ecopath model[J]. 海洋湖沼学报(英文), 2026,44(1):201-218. DOI： 10.1007/s00343-025-4285-z.

CHENG Cheng,YU Haolin,FENG Jie,et al.Ecological characteristics and carrying capacity analysis of marine ranching ecosystem in Beibu Gulf based on Ecopath model[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2026,44(01):201-218. DOI： 10.1007/s00343-025-4285-z.

摘要

Abstract

Marine pollution and overfishing induced the biodiversity loss and ecological degradation of the Beibu Gulf ecosystem in Guangxi

SE China. In an effort to restore the ecosystem and fishery resources

artificial reefs were deployed in the Beibu Gulf as the marine ranching area and their ecological performance need to be investigated. We constructed Ecopath ecological trophic models for the marine ranching area and a nearby control area to compare their ecosystem throughput and food web structure difference

and to calculate the ecological carrying capacity of various functional groups. Results indicate that the total system throughput of the marine ranching area was significantly higher than the control area

and the majority of system throughput occurred at trophic levels Ⅰ and Ⅱ in both ecosystems. The system connectance indices for the marine ranching and control areas were 0.27 and 0.32

and the omnivory indices were 0.16 and 0.19

indicating simple food web structures; both areas are in a developmental stage with TPP/TR ratios of 2.69 and 9.36

respectively. Compared to the control area

marine ranching area exhibited a higher system maturity

and the ecological carrying capacity of “large and medium-sized demersal fish” and “other bivalves” functional groups in the marine ranching area increased by 43.83% and 233.62%

respectively

allowing for more high-trophic-level predators and large benthic animals. This study provided a reference for the formulation of fishery management policies in the Beibu Gulf

to maintain ecosystem stability and biodiversity.

关键词

Keywords

references

Al Ismaili S , Dutta S . 2023 . Ecosystem characteristics and trophic model of the artificial reef ecosystem in the Sea of Oman, Sultanate of Oman . Sustainability , 15 ( 24 ): 16574 , https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416574 https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416574 .

Baynes T W , Szmant A M . 1989 . Effect of current on the sessile benthic community structure of an artificial reef . Bulletin of Marine Science , 44 ( 2 ): 545 - 566 .

Becker A , Taylor M D , Lowry M B . 2017 . Monitoring of reef associated and pelagic fish communities on Australia’s first purpose built offshore artificial reef . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 74 ( 1 ): 277 - 285 , https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw133 https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw133 .

Brey T . 1999 . Growth performance and mortality in aquatic macrobenthic invertebrates . Advances in Marine Biology , 35 : 153 - 223 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60005-X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60005-X .

Champion C , Suthers I M , Smith J A . 2015 . Zooplanktivory is a key process for fish production on a coastal artificial reef . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 541 : 1 - 14 , https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11529 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11529 .

Chen Z Z , Qiu Y S , Jia X P et al . 2008 . Using an ecosystem modeling approach to explore possible ecosystem impacts of fishing in the Beibu Gulf, northern South China Sea . Ecosystems , 11 ( 8 ): 1318 - 1334 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9200-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9200-x .

Christensen V . 1995 . Ecosystem maturity—towards quantification . Ecological Modelling , 77 ( 1 ): 3 - 32 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(93)E0073-C https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(93)E0073-C .

Christensen V , Pauly D . 1992 . ECOPATH II—a software for balancing steady-state ecosystem models and calculating network characteristics . Ecological Modelling , 61 ( 3-4 ): 169 - 185 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(92)90016-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(92)90016-8 .

Christensen V , Walters C J . 2004 . Ecopath with Ecosim: methods, capabilities and limitations . Ecological Modelling , 172 ( 2-4 ): 109 - 139 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.09.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.09.003 .

Christensen V , Walters C J , Pauly D . 2005 . Ecopath with Ecosim: A User’s Guide. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada .

Colléter M , Valls A , Guitton J et al . 2015 . Global overview of the applications of the Ecopath with Ecosim modeling approach using the EcoBase models repository . Ecological Modelling , 302 : 42 - 53 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.01.025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.01.025 .

Coll M , Bundy A , Shannon L J . 2009 . Ecosystem modelling using the Ecopath with Ecosim approach . In: Megrey B A, Moksness E eds. Computers in Fisheries Research . Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. p. 225 - 291 , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8636-6_8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8636-6_8 .

Danovaro R , Gambi C , Mazzola A et al . 2002 . Influence of artificial reefs on the surrounding infauna: analysis of meiofauna . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 59 ( S1 ): S356 - S362 , https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2002.1223 https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2002.1223 .

Dupont J M . 2008 . Artificial reefs as restoration tools: a case study on the West Florida shelf . Coastal Management , 36 ( 5 ): 495 - 507 , https://doi.org/10.1080/08920750802395558 https://doi.org/10.1080/08920750802395558 .

Esquivel K E , Hesselbarth M H K , Allgeier J E . 2022 . Mechanistic support for increased primary production around artificial reefs . Ecological Applications , 32 ( 6 ): e 2617 , https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2617 https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2617 .

Feng J , Yu H L , Wu L J et al . 2025 . Evaluating ecosystem characteristics and ecological carrying capacity for marine fauna stock enhancement within a marine ranching system . Animals , 15 ( 2 ): 165 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020165 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020165 .

Finn J T . 1976 . Measures of ecosystem structure and function derived from analysis of flows . Journal of Theoretical Biology , 56 ( 2 ): 363 - 380 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(76)80080-X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(76)80080-X .

Gao J S , Wu G D , Ya H Z . 2017 . Review of the circulation in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea . Continental Shelf Research , 138 : 106 - 119 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.02.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.02.009 .

Gao S K , Chen Z , Lu Y N et al . 2022 . Comparison of marine ecosystems of Haizhou Bay and Lvsi fishing ground in China based on the Ecopath model . Water , 14 ( 9 ): 1397 , https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091397 https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091397 .

Gorbatenko K M , Dolganova N T . 2007 . Comparing the catch efficiency with different types of plankton nets in the high production zones of the Pacific Ocean . Oceanology , 47 ( 2 ): 205 - 212 , https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437007020075 https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437007020075 .

Hale S L , Koprowski J L . 2018 . Ecosystem-level effects of keystone species reintroduction: a literature review . Restoration Ecology , 26 ( 3 ): 439 - 445 , https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12684 https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12684 .

Han D Y , Chen Y , Zhang C L et al . 2018 . Evaluation of effects of shellfish aquaculture and capture fishery on a semi-closed bay ecosystem . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 207 : 175 - 182 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.04.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.04.005 .

Heymans J J , Coll M , Libralato S et al . 2014 . Global patterns in ecological indicators of marine food webs: a modelling approach . PLoS One , 9 ( 4 ): e 95845 , https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095845 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095845 .

Heymans J J , Coll M , Link J S et al . 2016 . Best practice in Ecopath with Ecosim food-web models for ecosystem-based management . Ecological Modelling , 331 : 173 - 184 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.12.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.12.007 .

Heymans J J , Tomczak M T . 2016 . Regime shifts in the Northern Benguela ecosystem: challenges for management . Ecological Modelling , 331 : 151 - 159 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.10.027 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.10.027 .

Hong X F , Zhang K , Li J J et al . 2023 . Effects of climate events on abundance and distribution of major commercial fishes in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea . Diversity , 15 ( 5 ): 649 , https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050649 https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050649 .

Ismail K A , Al Shehhi M R . 2022 . Upwelling and nutrient dynamics in the Arabian Gulf and Sea of Oman . PLoS One , 17 ( 10 ): e 0276260 , https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276260 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276260 .

Jiang W M , Gibbs M T . 2005 . Predicting the carrying capacity of bivalve shellfish culture using a steady, linear food web model . Aquaculture , 244 ( 1-4 ): 171 - 185 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.11.050 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.11.050 .

Ju P L , Cheung W W L , Chen M R et al . 2020 . Comparing marine ecosystems of Laizhou and Haizhou Bays, China, using ecological indicators estimated from food web models. Journal of Marine Systems , 202 : 103238 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103238 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103238 .

Jung S , Van Chau T , Kim M et al . 2022 . Artificial seaweed reefs that support the establishment of submerged aquatic vegetation beds and facilitate ocean macroalgal afforestation: a review . Journal of Marine Science and Engineering , 10 ( 9 ): 1184 , https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091184 https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091184 .

Karlson K , Bonsdorff E , Rosenberg R . 2007 . The impact of benthic macrofauna for nutrient fluxes from Baltic Sea sediments . AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment , 36 ( 2 ): 161 - 167 , https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36 https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36 [161:TIOBMF ] 2.0.CO; 2 .

Krohling W , Brotto D S , Zalmon I R . 2006 . Functional role of fouling community on an artificial reef at the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil . Brazilian Journal of Oceanography , 54 ( 4 ): 183 - 191 , https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592006000300002 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592006000300002 .

Latham II L G . 2006 . Network flow analysis algorithms . Ecological Modelling , 192 ( 3-4 ): 586 - 600 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.029 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.029 .

Layman C A , Allgeier J E . 2020 . An ecosystem ecology perspective on artificial reef production . Journal of Applied Ecology , 57 ( 11 ): 2139 - 2148 , https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13748 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13748 .

Lee C L , Lin W J , Liu P J et al . 2021 . Highly productive tropical seagrass beds support diverse consumers and a large organic carbon pool in the sediments . Diversity , 13 ( 11 ): 544 , https://doi.org/10.3390/d13110544 https://doi.org/10.3390/d13110544 .

Lee H T , Chang Y C , Liao C H et al . 2022 . Development of integrated multitrophic aquaculture-based cage rearing system in an underutilized fishing port and its application in marine stock enhancement. Frontiers in Marine Science , 9 : 998198 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.998198 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.998198 .

Leitão F , Santos M N , Monteiro C C . 2007 . Contribution of artificial reefs to the diet of the white sea bream ( Diplodus sargus ) . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 64 ( 3 ): 473 - 478 , https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm027 https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm027 .

Li Z P , Chen Y , Wang G et al . 2023 . Ecological carrying capacity and carbon sequestration potential of bivalve shellfish in marine ranching: a case study in Bohai Bay, China. Frontiers in Marine Science , 10 : 1174235 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1174235 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1174235 .

Libralato S , Christensen V , Pauly D . 2006 . A method for identifying keystone species in food web models . Ecological Modelling , 195 ( 3-4 ): 153 - 171 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.11.029 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.11.029 .

Lin H Y , Lin P Y , Chang N N et al . 2014 . Trophic structure of megabenthic food webs along depth gradients in the South China Sea and off northeastern Taiwan . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 501 : 53 - 66 , https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10681 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10681 .

Lindeman R L . 1942 . The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology . Ecology , 23 ( 4 ): 399 - 417 , https://doi.org/10.2307/1930126 https://doi.org/10.2307/1930126 .

Lorenzen K , Leber K M , Lee Blankenship H . 2010 . Responsible approach to marine stock enhancement: an update . Reviews in Fisheries Science , 18 ( 2 ): 189 - 210 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2010.491564 https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2010.491564 .

Mace N . 2001 . A new role for MSY in single-species and ecosystem approaches to fisheries stock assessment and management . Fish and Fisheries , 2 ( 1 ): 2 - 32 , https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2001.00033.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2001.00033.x .

Machado P M , de Sá F S , de Rezende C E et al . 2013 . Artificial reef impact on macrobenthic community on south-eastern Brazil coast . Marine Biodiversity Records , 6 : e 40 , https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267213000183 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267213000183 .

May R M . 1977 . Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states . Nature , 269 ( 5628 ): 471 - 477 , https://doi.org/10.1038/269471a0 https://doi.org/10.1038/269471a0 .

Odum E P . 1969 . The strategy of ecosystem development: an understanding of ecological succession provides a basis for resolving man’s conflict with nature . Science , 164 ( 3877 ): 262 - 270 , https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3877.262 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3877.262 .

Outeiro L , Byron C , Angelini R . 2018 . Ecosystem maturity as a proxy of mussel aquaculture carrying capacity in Ria de Arousa (NW Spain): a food web modeling perspective . Aquaculture , 496 : 270 - 284 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.06.043 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.06.043 .

Palomares M L D , Pauly D . 1998 . Predicting food consumption of fish populations as functions of mortality, food type, morphometrics, temperature and salinity . Marine and Freshwater Research , 49 ( 5 ): 447 - 453 , https://doi.org/10.1071/MF98015 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF98015 .

Pan Y , Tong H H , Wei D Z et al . 2022 . Review of structure types and new development prospects of artificial reefs in China. Frontiers in Marine Science , 9 : 853452 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.853452 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.853452 .

Pasquaud S , Pillet M , David V et al . 2010 . Determination of fish trophic levels in an estuarine system . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 86 ( 2 ): 237 - 246 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.019 .

Pauly D . 1990 . Length-converted catch curves and the seasonal growth of fishes . Fishbyte , 8 ( 3 ): 24 - 29 .

Paxton A B , Steward D N , Harrison Z H et al . 2022 . Fitting ecological principles of artificial reefs into the ocean planning puzzle . Ecosphere , 13 ( 2 ): e 3924 , https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3924 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3924 .

Perkol-Finkel S , Benayahu Y . 2005 . Recruitment of benthic organisms onto a planned artificial reef: shifts in community structure one decade post-deployment . Marine Environmental Research , 59 ( 2 ): 79 - 99 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.03.122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.03.122 .

Post D M . 2002 . Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: models, methods, and assumptions . Ecology , 83 ( 3 ): 703 - 718 , https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083 [0703:USITET ] 2.0.CO; 2 .

Power M E , Tilman D , Estes J A et al . 1996 . Challenges in the Quest for Keystones: identifying keystone species is difficult—but essential to understanding how loss of species will affect ecosystems . BioScience , 46 ( 8 ): 609 - 620 , https://doi.org/10.2307/1312990 https://doi.org/10.2307/1312990 .

Qu Y , Wang Z M , Zhou Y D et al . 2024 . Ecosystem structure and function in the Sea Area of Zhongjieshan islands based on Ecopath model . Journal of Marine Science and Engineering , 12 ( 11 ): 2086 , https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12112086 https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12112086 .

Raj K D , Mathews G , Edward J K P . 2020 . Long-term benefits of artificial reef modules for reef recovery in gulf of Mannar, Southeast India . Journal of Coastal Conservation , 24 ( 5 ): 53 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-020-00773-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-020-00773-5 .

Ramm L A W , Florisson J H , Watts S L et al . 2021 . Artificial reefs in the Anthropocene: a review of geographical and historical trends in their design, purpose, and monitoring . Bulletin of Marine Science , 97 ( 4 ): 699 - 728 , https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2020.0046 https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2020.0046 .

Raoux A , Salaun J , Pezy J P et al . 2022 . Ecosystem approach of artificial reef through trophic web modelling . IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering , 1245 ( 1 ): 012004 , https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1245/1/012004 https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1245/1/012004 .

Reeves S E , Renzi J J , Fobert E K et al . 2020 . Facilitating better outcomes: how positive species interactions can improve oyster reef restoration. Frontiers in Marine Science , 7 : 656 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00656 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00656 .

Sambrook K , Hoey A S , Andréfouët S et al . 2019 . Beyond the reef: the widespread use of non-reef habitats by coral reef fishes . Fish and Fisheries , 20 ( 5 ): 903 - 920 , https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12383 https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12383 .

Srithong N , Jensen K R , Jarernpornnipat A . 2021 . Application of the Ecopath model for evaluation of ecological structure and function for fisheries management: a case study from fisheries in coastal Andaman Sea, Thailand. Regional Studies in Marine Science , 47 : 101972 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101972 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101972 .

Su L , Chen Z Z , Zhang K et al . 2021 . Decadal-scale variation in mean trophic level in Beibu Gulf based on bottom-trawl survey data . Marine and Coastal Fisheries , 13 ( 3 ): 174 - 182 , https://doi.org/10.1002/mcf2.10144 https://doi.org/10.1002/mcf2.10144 .

Suo A N , Li H Y , Zhou W G et al . 2023 . Estimation of ecological carrying capacity of small-scale fish in marine ranch of the Pearl River Estuary, China. Regional Studies in Marine Science , 61 : 102901 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.102901 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.102901 .

Toledo M I , Torres P , Díaz C et al . 2020 . Ecological succession of benthic organisms on niche-type artificial reefs . Ecological Processes , 9 ( 1 ): 38 , https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-020-00242-9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-020-00242-9 .

Ulanowicz R E , Puccia C J . 1990 . Mixed trophic impacts in ecosystems . Coenoses , 5 ( 1 ): 7 - 16 .

Valls A , Coll M , Christensen V . 2015 . Keystone species: toward an operational concept for marine biodiversity conservation . Ecological Monographs , 85 ( 1 ): 29 - 47 , https://doi.org/10.1890/14-0306.1 https://doi.org/10.1890/14-0306.1 .

Wang X , Feng J , Lin C G et al . 2022a . Structural and functional improvements of coastal ecosystem based on artificial oyster reef construction in the Bohai Sea, China. Frontiers in Marine Science , 9 : 829557 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.829557 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.829557 .

Wang Z G , Feng J , Lozano-Montes H M et al . 2022b . Estimating ecological carrying capacity for stock enhancement in marine ranching ecosystems of Northern China. Frontiers in Marine Science , 9 : 936028 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.936028 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.936028 .

Wu Z X , Tweedley J R , Loneragan N R et al . 2019 . Artificial reefs can mimic natural habitats for fish and macroinvertebrates in temperate coastal waters of the Yellow Sea. Ecological Engineering , 139 : 105579 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.08.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.08.009 .

Xu M , Qi L , Zhang L B et al . 2019 . Ecosystem attributes of trophic models before and after construction of artificial oyster reefs using Ecopath . Aquaculture Environment Interactions , 11 : 111 - 127 , https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00284 https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00284 .

Xu M , Yang X Y , Song X J et al . 2021 . Seasonal analysis of artificial oyster reef ecosystems: implications for sustainable fisheries management . Aquaculture International , 29 ( 1 ): 167 - 192 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-020-00617-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-020-00617-x .

Xu P , Zhou W G , Xie M J et al . 2022 . Temporal and spatial comparison of food web structure in marine pastures in the Pearl River Estuary: implications for sustainable fisheries management . Ecology and Evolution , 12 ( 5 ): e 8903 , https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8903 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8903 .

Xu S C , Wang X , Yue S D et al . 2024 . Coastal ecological connectivity between seagrass bed and marine ranching 30 km apart: a case study of Apostichopus japonicus feeding on seagrass debris in the Bohai Sea, China . Sustainability , 16 ( 7 ): 2944 , https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072944 https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072944 .

Yan Y R , Li Y Y , Yang S Y et al . 2013 . Biological characteristics and spatial—temporal distribution of mitre squid, Uroteuthis chinensis , in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea . Journal of Shellfish Research , 32 ( 3 ): 835 - 844 , 810 , https://doi.org/10.2983/035.032.0327 https://doi.org/10.2983/035.032.0327 .

Yan Y R , Zhang Y Y , Wu G R et al . 2015 . Seasonal feeding habits, reproduction, and distribution of Harpiosquilla harpax (Stomatopoda: Harpiosquillidae) in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea . Journal of Crustacean Biology , 35 ( 6 ): 776 - 784 , https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X-00002386 https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X-00002386 .

Yang W , Zhang Z Y , Wu Y et al . 2023 . Ecosystem-based fishery management that accounts for trade-offs between fishing and enhancement stocking: a case study of Juehua Island in the Bohai Sea. Ecological Indicators , 156 : 111081 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111081 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111081 .

Yuan Y , Feng J , Xian W W et al . 2022 . Analysis of the ecosystem characteristics and ecological carrying capacity of the main commercial fish in the artificial reef ecosystem in Laizhou bay using the Ecopath model . Sustainability , 14 ( 21 ): 13933 , https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113933 https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113933 .

Zhang R L , Zhang Q Q , Zhao J M et al . 2022 . Using ecopath models to explore differences in ecosystem characteristics between an artificial reef and a nearby natural reef on the coast of the North Yellow Sea, China. Frontiers in Marine Science , 9 : 911714 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.911714 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.911714 .

Zhang X P , Song H J , Zhuang H F et al . 2023 . Calculating the carrying capacity of bivalve mariculture in the Changshan Archipelago (Bohai Strait, China): ecopath modeling perspective. Journal of Sea Research , 192 : 102367 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2023.102367 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2023.102367 .

Zhao Q S , Huang H M , Zhu Y G et al . 2022 . Analysing ecological carrying capacity of bivalve aquaculture within the Yellow River Estuary ecoregion through mass-balance modelling . Aquaculture Environment Interactions , 14 : 147 - 161 , https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00430 https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00430 .

Zhou X J , Zhao X , Zhang S Y et al . 2019 . Marine ranching construction and management in East China Sea: programs for sustainable fishery and aquaculture . Water , 11 ( 6 ): 1237 , https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061237 https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061237 .

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

Characteristics and possible influential factors of marine heat wave in the Bohai Sea

Changes in the ecosystem structure and function of a cyanobacteria bloom-dominated, shallow lake after ten-year eutrophication management

The suitability assessment on site selection for bottom-seeding scallop culture based on analytic hierarchy process