The dilemma of Luhuitou fringing reefs: net dissolution in winter and enhanced acidification in summer

Junxiao ZHANG; Hui HUANG; Xiangcheng YUAN; Yong LUO; Haorui LIANG; Peixi LIANG; Xin XU

doi:10.1007/s00343-024-4088-7

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

The dilemma of Luhuitou fringing reefs: net dissolution in winter and enhanced acidification in summer

Ecology | Updated：2025-05-27

- The dilemma of Luhuitou fringing reefs: net dissolution in winter and enhanced acidification in summer
- The dilemma of Luhuitou fringing reefs: net dissolution in winter and enhanced acidification in summer
- 海洋湖沼学报(英文) 2025年43卷第3期页码：785-802
- Affiliations：
  
  1.South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou 510301, China
  2.South China Sea Marine Survey Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
  3.CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572000, China
  4.Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station; Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
  5.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  6.Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
  7.Guangdong Center for Marine Development Research, Guangzhou 510220, China
- Author bio：
  
  huanghui@scsio.ac.cn
- Funds：
  
  the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC3100500;2022YFC3103602;2021YFF0502800);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A2035);the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China(2023B1212060047);the State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(LTO1919);the Visiting Fellowship Program of the State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University(MELRS1914);the Hainan Province Key R&D Program(ZDYF2023SHFZ131)
- DOI：10.1007/s00343-024-4088-7
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2024-03-20，
  
  网络首发：2024-05-26，
  
  纸质出版：2025-05-01
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
The dilemma of Luhuitou fringing reefs: net dissolution in winter and enhanced acidification in summer[J]. 海洋湖沼学报(英文), 2025,43(3):785-802.

ZHANG Junxiao,HUANG Hui,YUAN Xiangcheng,et al.The dilemma of Luhuitou fringing reefs: net dissolution in winter and enhanced acidification in summer[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2025,43(03):785-802.
The dilemma of Luhuitou fringing reefs: net dissolution in winter and enhanced acidification in summer[J]. 海洋湖沼学报(英文), 2025,43(3):785-802. DOI： 10.1007/s00343-024-4088-7.

ZHANG Junxiao,HUANG Hui,YUAN Xiangcheng,et al.The dilemma of Luhuitou fringing reefs: net dissolution in winter and enhanced acidification in summer[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2025,43(03):785-802. DOI： 10.1007/s00343-024-4088-7.

摘要

Abstract

Global coral reef ecosystems have been severely degraded due to the combined effects of climate change and human activities. Changes in the seawater carbonate system of coral reef ecosystems can reflect their status and their responses to the impacts of climate change and human activities. Winter and summer surveys in 2019 found that the ecological community of the Luhuitou coral reef flat was dominated by macroalgae and corals

respectively

contrasting with the conditions 10 years ago. The Luhuitou fringing reefs were sources of atmospheric CO

in both seasons. In winter

the daily variation range of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in Luhuitou coral reefs was up to 450 μmol/kg

while that of total alkalinity (TA) was only 68 μmol/kg. This indicated that the organic production was significantly higher than the calcification process during this period. The TA/DIC was approximately 0.15

which was less than half of that in healthy coral reefs; hence

photosynthesis-respiration processes were the most important factors controlling daily changes in the seawater carbonate system. The net community production (NCP) of the Luhuitou coral reef ecosystem in winter was as high as 47.65 mmol C/(m

·h). While the net community calcification (NCC) was approximately 3.35 and -4.15 mmol CaCO

/(m

·h) during the daytime and nighttime respectively. Therefore

the NCC for the entire day was -21.9 mmol CaCO

/(m

·d)

indicating a net autotrophic dissolved state. In summer

the acidification was enhanced by thunderstorms

and heavy rain with the highest seawater partial pressure of CO

(

) and lowest pH

. Over the past 10 years

the increase rate of seawater

in Luhuitou reef was approximately 13.3 μatm/a

***

six times that of the open ocean

while the decrease rate of pH was approximately 0.008 3/a

being five times that of the global ocean. These findings underscore the importance of protecting and restoring Luhuitou fringing reef

as well as similar reefs worldwide.

关键词

Keywords

references

Albright R , Caldeira L , Hosfelt J et al . 2016 . Reversal of ocean acidification enhances net coral reef calcification . Nature , 531 ( 7594 ): 362 - 365 , https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17155 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17155 .

Albright R , Takeshita Y , Koweek D A et al . 2018 . Carbon dioxide addition to coral reef waters suppresses net community calcification . Nature , 555 ( 7697 ): 516 - 519 , https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25968 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25968 .

Andersson A J , Kline D I , Edmunds P J et al . 2015 . Understanding ocean acidification impacts on organismal to ecological scales . Oceanography , 28 ( 2 ): 16 - 27 , https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.27 https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.27 .

Andersson A J , Gledhill D . 2013 . Ocean acidification and coral reefs: effects on breakdown, dissolution, and net ecosystem calcification . Annual Review of Marine Science , 5 ( 1 ): 321 - 348 , https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172241 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172241 .

Andersson A J , Kuffner I B , Mackenzie F T et al . 2009 . Net Loss of CaCO 3 from a subtropical calcifying community due to seawater acidification: mesocosm-scale experimental evidence . Biogeosciences , 6 ( 8 ): 1811 - 1823 , https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1811-2009 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1811-2009 .

Barkley H C , Oliver T A , Halperin A A et al . 2022 . Coral reef carbonate accretion rates track stable gradients in seawater carbonate chemistry across the U.S. Pacific Islands . Frontiers in Marine Science , 9 : 991685 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.991685 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.991685 .

Bates N , Astor Y , Church M et al . 2014 . A time-series view of changing ocean chemistry due to ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 and ocean acidification . Oceanography , 27 ( 1 ): 126 - 141 , https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.16 https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.16 .

Bates N R . 2017 . Twenty years of marine carbon cycle observations at devils hole Bermuda provide insights into seasonal hypoxia, coral reef calcification, and ocean acidification . Frontiers in Marine Science , 4 : 36 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00036 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00036 .

Bruno J F , Selig E R . 2007 . Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: timing, extent, and subregional comparisons . PLoS One , 2 ( 8 ): e711 , https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000711 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000711 .

Cai W J , Dai M H , Wang Y C et al . 2004 . The biogeochemistry of inorganic carbon and nutrients in the Pearl River estuary and the adjacent northern South China Sea . Continental Shelf Research , 24 ( 12 ): 1301 - 1319 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.04.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.04.005 .

Cai W J , Hu X P , Huang W J et al . 2011 . Acidification of subsurface coastal waters enhanced by eutrophication . Nature Geoscience , 4 ( 11 ): 766 - 770 , https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1297 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1297 .

Cai W J , Xu Y Y , Feely R A et al . 2020 . Controls on surface water carbonate chemistry along North American ocean margins . Nature Communications , 11 ( 1 ): 2691 , https://doi.org/10.1038/S41467-020-16530-Z https://doi.org/10.1038/S41467-020-16530-Z .

Caldeira K , Wickett M E . 2003 . Oceanography: anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH . Nature , 425 ( 6956 ): 365 , https://doi.org/10.1038/425365a https://doi.org/10.1038/425365a .

Chou W C , Liu P J , Chen Y H et al . 2020 . Contrasting changes in diel variations of net community calcification support that carbonate dissolution can be more sensitive to ocean acidification than coral calcification . Frontiers in Marine Science , 7 : 3 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00003 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00003 .

Comeau S , Carpenter R C , Nojiri Y et al . 2014 . Pacific-wide contrast highlights resistance of reef calcifiers to ocean acidification . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological sciences , 281 ( 1790 ): 20141339 , https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1339 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1339 .

Cornwall C E , Comeau S , Kornder N A et al . 2021 . Global declines in coral reef calcium carbonate production under ocean acidification and warming . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 118 ( 21 ): e2015265118 , https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015265118 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015265118 .

Courtney T A , Cyronak T , Griffin A J et al . 2021 . Implications of salinity normalization of seawater total alkalinity in coral reef metabolism studies . PLoS One , 16 ( 12 ): e0261210 , https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.‍pone.0261210 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.‍pone.0261210 .

Cybulski J D , Husa S M , Duprey N N et al . 2020 . Coral reef diversity losses in China’s Greater Bay Area were driven by regional stressors . Science Advances , 6 ( 40 ): eabb 1046 , https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb1046 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb1046 .

Cyronak T , Andersson A J , Langdon C et al . 2018 . Taking the metabolic pulse of the world’s coral reefs . PLoS One , 13 ( 1 ): e0190872 , https://doi.‍org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190872 https://doi.‍org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190872 . https://do 10.1371/journal.pone.0190872 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190872

Cyronak T , Eyre B D . 2016 . The synergistic effects of ocean acidification and organic metabolism on calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) dissolution in coral reef sediments . Marine Chemistry , 183 : 1 - 12 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.05.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.05.001 .

Cyronak T , Schulz K G , Santos I R et al . 2014a . Enhanced acidification of global coral reefs driven by regional biogeochemical feedbacks . Geophysical Research Letters , 41 ( 15 ): 5538 - 5546 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060849 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060849 .

Cyronak T , Santos I R , Erler D V et al . 2014b . Drivers of p CO 2 variability in two contrasting coral reef lagoons: the influence of submarine groundwater discharge . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 28 ( 4 ): 398 - 414 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004598 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004598 .

Davis K L , Colefax A P , Tucker J P et al . 2021 . Global coral reef ecosystems exhibit declining calcification and increasing primary productivity . Communications Earth & Environment , 2 ( 1 ): 105 , https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00168-w https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00168-w .

Davis K L , McMahon A , Kelaher B et al . 2019 . Fifty years of sporadic coral reef calcification estimates at one tree island, great barrier reef: is it enough to imply long term trends? Frontiers in Marine Science , 6 : 282 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00282 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00282 .

Decarlo T M , Cohen A L , Wong G T F et al . 2017 . Community production modulates coral reef pH and the sensitivity of ecosystem calcification to ocean acidification . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 122 ( 1 ): 745 - 761 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012326 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012326 .

Dickson A G . 1990 . Standard potential of the reaction: AgCl(s)+ 12 H 2 g)=Ag(s)+HCL(aq), and and the standard acdity constant of the ion HSO 4 - in synthetic sea water from 273.15 to 318.15 K. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics , 22 ( 2 ): 113 - 127 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(90)90074-Z https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(90)90074-Z .

Dickson A G , Millero F J . 1987 . A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media . Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers , 34 ( 10 ): 1733 - 1743 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90021-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90021-5 .

Doney S C , Fabry V J , Feely R A et al . 2009 . Ocean acidification: the other CO 2 problem . Annual review of marine science , 1 ( 1 ): 169 - 192 , https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 .

Dong X , Zheng X Q , Chen B H et al . 2023 . Enhanced regional variability of seawater p CO 2 under human and natural interference in a nearshore coral nature reserve (Dongshan Island, China) . Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences , 128 ( 7 ): e2022 JG 007235 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG007235 https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG007235 .

Eddy T D , Lam V W Y , Reygondeau G et al . 2021 . Global decline in capacity of coral reefs to provide ecosystem services . One Earth , 4 ( 9 ): 1278 - 1285 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.08.016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.08.016 .

Eyre B D , Cyronak T , Drupp P et al . 2018 . Coral reefs will transition to net dissolving before end of century . Science , 359 ( 6378 ): 908 - 911 , https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao1118 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao1118 .

Fabricius K E . 2005 . Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 50 ( 2 ): 125 - 146 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.028 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.028 .

Fabricius K E , Neill C , Van Ooijen E et al . 2020 . Progressive seawater acidification on the Great Barrier Reef continental shelf . Scientific Reports , 10 ( 1 ): 18602 , https://doi.org/1038/s41598-020-75293-1 https://doi.org/1038/s41598-020-75293-1 .

Feely R A , Sabine C L , Hernandez-Ayon J M et al . 2008 . Evidence for upwelling of corrosive “acidified” water onto the continental shelf . Science , 320 ( 5882 ): 1490 - 1492 , https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155676 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155676 .

Hannan K D , Miller G M , Watson S A et al . 2020 . Diel p CO 2 variation among coral reefs and microhabitats at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef . Coral Reefs , 39 ( 5 ): 1391 - 1406 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01973-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01973-z .

Harris K E , De Grandpre M D , Hales B . 2013 . Aragonite saturation state dynamics in a coastal upwelling zone . Geophysical Research Letters , 40 ( 11 ): 2720 - 2725 , https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50460 https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50460 .

Hoegh-Guldberg O , Mumby P J , Hooten A J et al . 2007 . Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification . Science , 318 ( 5857 ): 1737 - 1742 , https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152509 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152509 .

Huang L M , Tan Y H , Song X Y et al . 2003 . The status of the ecological environment and a proposed protection strategy in Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, China . Marine pollution bulletin , 47 ( 1-6 ): 180 - 186 , https://doi.‍org/10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00070-5 https://doi.‍org/10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00070-5 . https://do 10.1016/s0025-326x(03)00070-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(03)00070-5

Hughes T P , Huang H , Young M A L . 2013 . The wicked problem of China’s disappearing coral reefs . Conservation Biology , 27 ( 2 ): 261 - 269 , https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01957.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01957.x .

Isah R R , Enochs I C , San Diego-McGlone M L . 2022 . Sea surface carbonate dynamics at reefs of Bolinao, Philippines: seasonal variation and fish mariculture-induced forcing . Frontiers in Marine Science , 9 : 858853 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.858853 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.858853 .

Jiang Z P , Lv J C , Li Q L et al . 2021 . Tidal‐driven submarine groundwater discharge and its influences on the carbonate system of a coastal coral reef in the northern South China Sea . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 126 ( 7 ): e2021 JC 017203 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017203 https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017203 .

Kinsey D W . 1978 . Alkalinity changes and coral reef calcification . Limnology and Oceanography , 23 ( 5 ): 989 - 991 , https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1978.23.5.0989 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1978.23.5.0989 .

Kinsey D W , Davies P J . 1979 . Effects of elevated nitrogen and phosphorus on coral reef growth . Limnology and Oceanography , 24 ( 5 ): 935 - 940 , https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1979.24.5.0935 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1979.24.5.0935 .

Kinsey D W , Kinsey E . 1967 . Diurnal changes in oxygen content of the water over the coral reef platform at Heron I . Marine and Freshwater Research , 18 ( 1 ): 23 - 34 , https://doi.org/10.1071/mf9670023 https://doi.org/10.1071/mf9670023 .

Kleypas J A , Feely R A , Fabry V J et al . 2006 . Impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs and other marine calcifiers: a guide for future research . Report of a Workshop, Held 18 - 20 April 2005 , St. Petersburg, FL, byNSFsponsored, NOAA, and Geological SurveytheU.S., 88pp .

Koweek D A , Dunbar R B , Monismith S G et al . 2015 . High-resolution physical and biogeochemical variability from a shallow back reef on Ofu, American Samoa: an end-member perspective . Coral Reefs , 34 ( 3 ): 979 - 991 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-015-1308-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-015-1308-9 .

Langdon C , Atkinson M J . 2005 . Effect of elevated p CO 2 on photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient enrichment . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 110 ( C9 ): C09 S 07 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002576 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002576 .

Langdon C , Broecker W S , Hammond D E et al . 2003 . Effect of elevated CO 2 on the community metabolism of an experimental coral reef . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 17 ( 1 ): 11 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001941 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001941 .

Lantz C A , Atkinson M J , Winn C W et al . 2014 . Dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity of a Hawaiian fringing reef: chemical techniques for monitoring the effects of ocean acidification on coral reefs . Coral Reefs , 33 ( 1 ): 105 - 115 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-013-1082-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-013-1082-5 .

Lapointe B E , Brewton R A , Herren L W et al . 2019 . Nitrogen enrichment, altered stoichiometry, and coral reef decline at Looe Key, Florida Keys, USA: a 3-decade study . Marine Biology , 166 ( 8 ): 108 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3538-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3538-9 .

Li X B , Huang H , Lian J S et al . 2013 . Spatial and temporal variations in sediment accumulation and their impacts on coral communities in the Sanya Coral Reef Reserve, Hainan, China . Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography , 96 : 88 - 96 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.04.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.04.015 .

Li X B , Liu S , Huang H et al . 2012 . Coral bleaching caused by an abnormal water temperature rise at Luhuitou fringing reef, Sanya Bay, China . Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management , 15 ( 2 ): 227 - 233 , https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2012.687651 https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2012.687651 .

Li X B , Titlyanov E A , Zhang J et al . 2016 . Macroalgal assemblage changes on coral reefs along a natural gradient from fish farms in southern Hainan Island . Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management , 19 ( 1 ): 74 - 82 , https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2016.1140952 https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2016.1140952 .

Li Y , Yu K F , Wang Y H et al . 2017 . Distribution characteristics of surface seawater nutrients in summer around Luhuitou Reef in Sanya . Tropical Geography , 37 ( 5 ): 708 - 717 , https://doi.org/10.‍13284/j‍.‍cnki.rddl.002990. https://doi.org/10.‍13284/j‍.‍cnki.rddl.002990. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Liu Y , Peng Z C , Zhou R J et al . 2014 . Acceleration of modern acidification in the South China Sea driven by anthropogenic CO 2 . Scientific Reports , 4 ( 1 ): 5148 , https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05148 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05148 .

Ma D L , Gregor L , Gruber N . 2023 . Four decades of trends and drivers of global surface ocean acidification . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 37 ( 7 ): e2023 GB 007765 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007765 https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007765 .

McCulloch M , Falter J , Trotter J et al . 2012 . Coral resilience to ocean acidification and global warming through pH up-regulation . Nature Climate Change , 2 ( 8 ): 623 - 627 , https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1473 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1473 .

McMahon A , Santos I R , Cyronak T et al . 2013 . Hysteresis between coral reef calcification and the seawater aragonite saturation state . Geophysical Research Letters , 40 ( 17 ): 4675 - 4679 , https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50802 https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50802 .

McMahon A , Santos I R , Schulz K G et al . 2018 . Determining coral reef calcification and primary production using automated alkalinity, pH and p CO 2 measurements at high temporal resolution . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 209 : 80 - 88 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.04.041 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.04.041 .

Mehrbach C , Culberson C H , Hawley J H et al . 1973 . Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure . Limnology and Oceanography , 18 ( 6 ): 897 - 907 , https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.‍1973.18.6.0897 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.‍1973.18.6.0897 .

Meléndez M , Salisbury J , Gledhill D et al . 2022 . Net ecosystem dissolution and respiration dominate metabolic rates at two western Atlantic reef sites . Limnology and Oceanography , 67 ( 3 ): 527 - 539 , https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12009 https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12009 .

Moav-Barzel O , Erez J , Lazar B et al . 2023 . Higher nighttime rates of CaCO 3 dissolution in the nature reserve reef, Eilat, Israel in 2015 - 2016 compared to 2000 - 2002 . Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences , 128 ( 1 ): e2021 JG 006763 , https://doi.‍org/10.1029/2021JG006763 https://doi.‍org/10.1029/2021JG006763 .

Moberg F , Folke C . 1999 . Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems . Ecological Economics , 29 ( 2 ): 215 - 233 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00009-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00009-9 .

Muehllehner N , Langdon C , Venti A et al . 2016 . Dynamics of carbonate chemistry, production, and calcification of the Florida Reef Tract (2009-2010): evidence for seasonal dissolution . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 30 ( 5 ): 661 - 688 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005327 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005327 .

Odum H T , Odum E P . 1955 . Trophic structure and productivity of a windward coral reef community on Eniwetok Atoll . Ecological Monographs , 25 ( 3 ): 291 - 320 , https://doi.org/10.2307/1943285 https://doi.org/10.2307/1943285 .

Perry C T , Alvarez-Filip L , Graham N A J et al . 2018 . Loss of coral reef growth capacity to track future increases in sea level . Nature , 558 ( 7710 ): 396 - 400 , https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0194-z https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0194-z .

Pierrot D , Wallace D , Lewis E . 2006 . MS Excel program developed for CO 2 system calculations. ORNL/CDIAC-105a. Carbon dioxide information analysis center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge , Tennessee . https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/otg.CO2SYS_XLS_CDIAC105a https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/otg.CO2SYS_XLS_CDIAC105a .

Radice V Z , Hoegh-Guldberg O , Fry B et al . 2019 . Upwelling as the major source of nitrogen for shallow and deep reef‐building corals across an oceanic atoll system . Functional Ecology , 33 ( 6 ): 1120 - 1134 , https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13314 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13314 .

Riebesell U , Fabry V J , Hansson L et al . 2010 . Guide to Best Practices for Ocean Acidification Research and Data Reporting . Luxembourg, Publications Office of the Euperean Union , 260 p., https://doi.org/10.2777/58454 https://doi.org/10.2777/58454 .

Rogers C . 1990 . Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 62 : 185 - 202 , https://doi.org/10.3354/meps062185 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps062185 .

Shamberger K E F , Cohen A L , Golbuu Y et al . 2014 . Diverse coral communities in naturally acidified waters of a western Pacific reef . Geophysical Research Letters , 41 ( 2 ): 499 - 504 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058489 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058489 .

Shi Q , Zhao M X , Zhang Q M et al . 2007 . Growth variations of scleratinan corals at Luhuitou, Sanya, Hainan Island, and the impacts from human activities . Acta Ecologica Sinica , 27 ( 8 ): 3316 - 3323 . (in Chinese with English abstract)

Shi Q , Zhao M X , Zhang Q M et al . 2009 . Estimate of carbonate production by scleractinian corals at Luhuitou fringing reef, Sanya, China . Chinese Science Bulletin , 54 ( 4 ): 696 - 705 , https://doi.org/10.‍1007/s11434-008-0533-9 https://doi.org/10.‍1007/s11434-008-0533-9 .

Silbiger N J , Nelson C E , Remple K et al . 2018 . Nutrient pollution disrupts key ecosystem functions on coral reefs . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 285 ( 1880 ): 20172718 , https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2718 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2718 .

Silverman J , Kline D I , Johnson L et al . 2012 . Carbon turnover rates in the One Tree Island reef: a 40-year perspective . Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences , 117 ( G3 ): G03023 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JG001974 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JG001974 .

Smith S V . 1973 . Carbon dioxide dynamics: a record of organic carbon production, respiration, and calcification in the Eniwetok reef flat community . Limnology and Oceanography , 18 ( 1 ): 106 - 120 , https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1973.18.1.0106 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1973.18.1.0106 .

Smith S V . 1978 . Coral-reef area and the contributions of reefs to processes and resources of the world’s oceans . Nature , 273 ( 5659 ): 225 - 226 , https://doi.org/10.‍1038/273225a0 https://doi.org/10.‍1038/273225a0 .

Smith S V , Buddemeier R W . 1992 . Global change and coral reef ecosystems . Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics , 23 ( 23 ): 89 - 118 , https://doi.‍org/10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.000513 https://doi.‍org/10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.000513 . https://do 10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.000513 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.000513

Stuhldreier I , Sánchez-Noguera C , Roth F et al . 2015 . Dynamics in benthic community composition and influencing factors in an upwelling-exposed coral reef on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica . PeerJ , 3 : e1434 , https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1434 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1434 .

Sun Y F , Lei X M , Lian J S et al . 2018 . Ecosystem status and health assessment of Sanya coral reef national nature reserve . Biodiversity Science , 26 ( 3 ): 258 - 265 , https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2017312 https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2017312 .

Sutton A J , Battisti R , Carter B et al . 2022 . Advancing best practices for assessing trends of ocean acidification time series . Frontiers in Marine Science , 9 : 1045667 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1045667 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1045667 .

Suzuki A , Kawahata H . 2004 . Reef water CO 2 system and carbon production of coral reefs: topographic control of system-level performance . In: Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land . Terra Science Press , Tokyo . p. 229 - 248 .

Takahashi T , Olafsson J , Goddard J G et al . 1993 . Seasonal variation of CO 2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: a comparative study . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 7 ( 4 ): 843 - 878 , https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB02263 https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB02263 .

Uppström L R . 1974 . The boron/chlorinity ratio of deep-sea water from the Pacific Ocean . Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts , 21 ( 2 ): 161 - 162 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(74)90074-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(74)90074-6 .

Wang G Z , Jing W P , Wang S L et al . 2014 . Coastal acidification induced by tidal-driven submarine groundwater discharge in a coastal coral reef system . Environmental Science & Technology , 48 ( 22 ): 13069 - 13075 , https://doi.org/10.1021/es5026867 https://doi.org/10.1021/es5026867 .

Wizemann A , Nandini S D , Stuhldreier I et al . 2018 . Rapid bioerosion in a tropical upwelling coral reef . PLoS One , 13 ( 9 ): e0202887 , https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202887 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202887 .

Xue L , Wang H W , Jiang L Q et al . 2016 . Aragonite saturation state in a monsoonal upwelling system off Java, Indonesia . Journal of Marine Systems , 153 : 10 - 17 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.08.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.08.003 .

Yan H Q , Yu K F , Shi Q et al . 2016 . Seasonal variations of seawater p CO 2 and sea-air CO 2 fluxes in a fringing coral reef, northern South China Sea . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 121 : 998 - 1008 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011484 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011484 .

Yan H Q , Yu K F , Tan Y H . 2009 . Recent development in the research of carbon cycle in coral reef ecosystem . Acta Ecologica Sinica , 29 ( 11 ): 6207 - 6215 . (in Chinese with English abstract)

Yang D T . 2017 . Cool water brought by upwelling in the Sanya Bay benefits corals in the background of global warming . Acta Oceanologica Sinica , 36 ( 3 ): 14 - 19 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-017-1037-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-017-1037-8 .

Yao H M , Wang J J , Han Y et al . 2022 . Decadal acidification in a subtropical coastal area under chronic eutrophication . Environmental Pollution , 293 : 118487 , https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118487 https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118487 . https://do 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118487 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118487

Yuan X C , Guo Y J , Cai W J et al . 2019 . Coral responses to ocean warming and acidification: implications for future distribution of coral reefs in the South China Sea . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 138 : 241 - 248 , https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.053 https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.053 . https://do 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.053 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.053

Zhang C L , Huang H , Ye C et al . 2013 . Diurnal and seasonal variations of carbonate system parameters on Luhuitou fringing reef, Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, South China Sea . Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography , 96 : 65 - 74 , https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.013 https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.013 . https://do 10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.013

Zhao M X , Yu K F , Zhang Q M et al . 2012 . Long-term decline of a fringing coral reef in the northern South China Sea . Journal of Coastal Research , 28 ( 5 ): 1088 - 1099 , https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00172.1 https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00172.1 .

Zhang Q M . 2001 . On biogeomorphology of Luhuitou fringing reef of Sanya City, Hainan Island, China . Chinese Science Bulletin , 46 ( S1 ): 97 - 101 , https://doi.‍org/10.1007/bf03187245 https://doi.‍org/10.1007/bf03187245 . https://do 10.1007/bf03187245 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03187245

Zhang Q M , Shi Q , Chen G et al . 2006 . Status monitoring and health assessment of Luhuitou fringing reef of Sanya, Hainan, China . Chinese Science Bulletin , 51 ( 2 ): 81 - 88 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-006-9081-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-006-9081-3 .

Zhang Q M , Zhao M X , Wang L R et al . 2017 . A review of current status of coral reefs and their threats in the world . Guangxi Sciences , 24 ( 5 ): 435 - 440 , https://doi.org/10.13656/j.cnki.gxkx.20171011.002. https://doi.org/10.13656/j.cnki.gxkx.20171011.002. (in Chinese with English abstract)

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

Impact of seawater carbonate variables on post-larval bivalve calcification

Distribution, source, and sink of microplastics in the nearshore-estuarine systems of the South China Sea basin

The dissolution of total suspended solids and treatment strategy of tailwater in a Litopenaeus vannamei recirculating aquaculture system

Diverse habitat preferences of two sea cucumber species and the seasonal change in a coral reef area

大涵道比风扇/增压级进气畸变数值模拟研究