Observing the air-sea turbulent heat flux on the trajectory of tropical storm Danas

Xuehan XIE; Xiangzhou SONG; Marilena OLTMANNS; Yangang LI; Qifeng QIAN; Zexun WEI

doi:10.1007/s00343-024-3192-z

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Observing the air-sea turbulent heat flux on the trajectory of tropical storm Danas

Physics | Updated：2024-11-19

- Observing the air-sea turbulent heat flux on the trajectory of tropical storm Danas
- Observing the air-sea turbulent heat flux on the trajectory of tropical storm Danas
- 海洋湖沼学报(英文) 2024年42卷第5期页码：1425-1437
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing210098, China
  2.College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing210098, China
  3.National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
  4.East China Sea Forecasting and Disaster Reduction Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai200136, China
  5.National Meteorological Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing100081, China
  6.First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao266061, China
- Author bio：
  
  xuehanxie@hhu.edu.cn
- Funds：
  
  the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42122040;42076016)
- DOI：10.1007/s00343-024-3192-z
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2023-09-23，
  
  网络首发：2024-01-04，
  
  纸质出版：2024-09-01
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Observing the air-sea turbulent heat flux on the trajectory of tropical storm Danas[J]. 海洋湖沼学报(英文), 2024,42(5):1425-1437.

XIE Xuehan,SONG Xiangzhou,OLTMANNS Marilena,et al.Observing the air-sea turbulent heat flux on the trajectory of tropical storm Danas[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2024,42(05):1425-1437.
Observing the air-sea turbulent heat flux on the trajectory of tropical storm Danas[J]. 海洋湖沼学报(英文), 2024,42(5):1425-1437. DOI： 10.1007/s00343-024-3192-z.

XIE Xuehan,SONG Xiangzhou,OLTMANNS Marilena,et al.Observing the air-sea turbulent heat flux on the trajectory of tropical storm Danas[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2024,42(05):1425-1437. DOI： 10.1007/s00343-024-3192-z.

摘要

Abstract

Tropical cyclones constitute a major risk for coastal communities. To assess their damage potential

accurate predictions of their intensification are needed

which requires a detailed understanding of the evolution of turbulent heat flux (THF). By combining multiple buoy observations along the south-north storm track

we investigated the THF anomalies associated with tropical storm Danas (2019) in the East China Sea (ECS) during its complete life cycle from the intensification stage to the mature stage and finally to its dissipation on land. The storm passage is characterized by strong winds of 10–20 m/s and a sea level pressure below 1 000 hPa

resulting in a substantial enhancement of THF. Latent heat (LH) fluxes are most strongly affected by wind speed

with a gradually increasing contribution of humidity along

the trajectory. The relative contributions of wind speed and temperature anomalies to sensible heat (SH) depend on the stability of the boundary layer. Under stable conditions

SH variations are driven by wind speed

while under near-neutral conditions

SH variations are driven by temperature. A comparison of the observed THF and associated variables with outputs from the ERA5 and MERRA2 reanalysis products reveals that the reanalysis products can reproduce the basic evolution and composition of the observed THF. However

under extreme weather conditions

temperature and humidity variations are poorly captured by ERA5 and MERRA2

leading to large LH and SH errors. The differences in the observed and reproduced LH and SH during the passage of Danas amount to 26.1 and 6.6 W/m

for ERA5

respectively

and to 39.4 and 12.5 W/m

for MERRA2

respectively. These results demonstrate the need to improve the representation of tropical cyclones in reanalysis products to better predict their intensification process and reduce their damage.

关键词

Keywords

references

Bell B , Hersbach H , Simmons A et al . 2021 . The ERA5 global reanalysis: preliminary extension to 1950 . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society , 147 ( 741 ): 4186 - 4227 , https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4174 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4174 .

Bracken W E , Bosart L F . 2000 . The role of synoptic-scale flow during tropical cyclogenesis over the North Atlantic Ocean . Monthly Weather Review , 128 ( 2 ): 353 - 376 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0353:TROSSF>2.0.CO;2. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0353:TROSSF>2.0.CO;2.

Centurioni L R , Turton J , Lumpkin R et al . 2019 . Global in situ observations of essential climate and ocean variables at the air-sea interface . Frontiers in Marine Science , 6 : 419 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00419 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00419 .

Cronin M F , Gentemann C L , Edson J et al . 2019 . Air-sea fluxes with a focus on heat and momentum . Frontiers in Marine Science , 6 : 403 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00430 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00430 .

D’Asaro E A , Sanford T B , Niiler P P et al . 2007 . Cold wake of Hurricane Frances . Geophysical Research Letters , 34 ( 15 ): L15609 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030160 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030160 .

Dare R A , McBride J L . 2011 . The threshold sea surface temperature condition for tropical cyclogenesis . Journal of Climate , 24 ( 17 ): 4570 - 4576 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-10-05006.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-10-05006.1 .

Dee D P , Uppala S M , Simmons A J et al . 2011 . The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society , 137 ( 656 ): 553 - 597 , https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828 .

DeMaria M , Mainelli M , Shay L K et al . 2005 . Further improvements to the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) . Weather and Forecasting , 20 ( 4 ): 531 - 543 , https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF862.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF862.1 .

DeMaria M , Sampson C R , Knaff J A et al . 2014 . Is tropical cyclone intensity guidance improving? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 95 ( 3 ): 387 - 398 , https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00240.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00240.1 .

Edson J B , Jampana V , Weller R A et al . 2013 . On the exchange of momentum over the open ocean . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 43 ( 8 ): 1589 - 1610 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0173.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0173.1 .

Emanuel K A . 1986 . An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: steady-state maintenance . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , 43 ( 6 ): 585 - 605 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<0585:AASITF>2.0.CO;2. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<0585:AASITF>2.0.CO;2.

Emanuel K A . 1995 . Sensitivity of tropical cyclones to surface exchange coefficients and a revised steady-state model incorporating eye dynamics . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , 52 ( 22 ): 3969 - 3976 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3969:SOTCTS>2.0.CO;2. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3969:SOTCTS>2.0.CO;2.

Fairall C W , Bradley E F , Hare J E et al . 2003 . Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: updates and verification for the COARE algorithm . Journal of Climate , 16 ( 4 ): 571 - 591 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0571:BPOASF>2.0.CO;2. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0571:BPOASF>2.0.CO;2.

Fairall C W , Bradley E F , Rogers D P et al . 1996 . Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 101 ( C2 ): 3747 - 3764 , https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC03205 https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC03205 .

Garrison D L , Gowing M M , Hughes M P et al . 2000 . Microbial food web structure in the Arabian Sea: a US JGOFS study . Deep Sea Research Part II : Topical Studies in Oceanography , 47 ( 7-8 ): 1387 - 1422 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00148-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00148-4 .

Gelaro R , McCarty W , Suárez M J et al . 2017 . The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) . Journal of Climate , 30 ( 14 ): 5419 - 5454 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1 .

Godfrey J S , Beljaars A C M . 1991 . On the turbulent fluxes of buoyancy, heat and moisture at the air-sea interface at low wind speeds . Journal of Geophysical Research , 96 ( C12 ): 22043 - 22048 , https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC02015 https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC02015 .

Goerss J S , Sampson C R , Gross J M . 2004 . A history of western North Pacific tropical cyclone track forecast skill . Weather and Forecasting , 19 ( 3 ): 633 - 638 , https://doi.‍org/10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019 https://doi.‍org/10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019 <0633:AHOWNP>2.0.CO;2. https://do 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0633:ahownp>2.0.co;2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0633:ahownp>2.0.co;2

Hersbach H , Bell B , Berrisford P et al . 2020 . The ERA5 global reanalysis . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society , 146 ( 730 ): 1999 - 2049 , https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803 .

Hubbert G D , Holland G J , Leslie L M et al . 1991 . A real-time system for forecasting tropical cyclone storm surges . Weather and Forecasting , 6 ( 1 ): 86 - 97 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1991)006<0086:ARTSFF>2.0.CO;2. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1991)006<0086:ARTSFF>2.0.CO;2.

Jayakrishnan K U , Kutty G , George B . 2020 . On the predictability and dynamics of tropical cyclone: Nargis ( 2008 ). Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres , 125 ( 9 ): e2019 JD 032040 , https://doi.‍org/10.1029/2019JD032040 https://doi.‍org/10.1029/2019JD032040 . https://do 10.1029/2019jd032040 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jd032040

Karnauskas K B , Zhang L , Emanuel K A . 2021 . The feedback of cold wakes on tropical cyclones . Geophysical Research Letters , 48 ( 7 ): e2020 GL 091676 , https://doi.‍org/10.1029/2020GL091676 https://doi.‍org/10.1029/2020GL091676 . https://do 10.1029/2020gl091676 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020gl091676

Kepert J D , Ginger J D . 2010 . Guidelines for Converting between Various Wind Averaging Periods in Tropical Cyclone Conditions . World Meteorological Organization, Geneva , https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=135 https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=135 .

Khouakhi A , Villarini G , Vecchi G A . 2017 . Contribution of tropical cyclones to rainfall at the global scale . Journal of Climate , 30 ( 1 ): 359 - 372 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0298.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0298.1 .

Knapp K R , Kruk M C , Levinson D H et al . 2010 . The international best track archive for climate stewardship (IBTrACS) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 91 ( 3 ): 363 - 376 , https://doi.org/10.1175/2009BAMS2755.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009BAMS2755.1 .

Komori S , Iwano K , Takagaki N et al . 2018 . Laboratory measurements of heat transfer and drag coefficients at extremely high wind speeds . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 48 ( 4 ): 959 - 974 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0243.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0243.1 .

Landsea C W , Cangialosi J P . 2018 . Have we reached the limits of predictability for tropical cyclone track forecasting? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 99 ( 11 ): 2237 - 2243 , https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0136.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0136.1 .

Landwehr S , O’Sullivan N , Ward B . 2015 . Direct flux measurements from mobile platforms at sea: motion and airflow distortion corrections revisited . Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology , 32 ( 6 ): 1163 - 1178 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00137.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00137.1 .

Lin I I , Chen C H , Pun I F et al . 2009 . Warm ocean anomaly, air sea Fluxes, and the rapid intensification of tropical cyclone Nargis ( 2008 ). Geophysical Research Letters , 36 ( 3 ): L03817 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035815 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035815 .

Liu W T , Katsaros K B , Businger J A . 1979 . Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , 36 ( 9 ): 1722 - 1735 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<1722:BPOASE>2.0.CO;2. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<1722:BPOASE>2.0.CO;2.

Liu W T , Tang W Q . 2016 . Relating wind and stress under tropical cyclones with scatterometer . Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology , 33 ( 6 ): 1151 - 1158 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-16-0047.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-16-0047.1 .

Louis J F . 1979 . A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere . Boundary-Layer Meteorology , 17 ( 2 ): 187 - 202 , https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00117978 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00117978 .

Ma Z H , Fei J F , Huang X et al . 2015 . Contributions of surface sensible heat fluxes to tropical cyclone. Part I: evolution of tropical cyclone intensity and structure . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , 72 ( 1 ): 120 - 140 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0199.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0199.1 .

Ma Z H , Fei J F , Lin Y L et al . 2020 . Modulation of clouds and rainfall by tropical cyclone’s cold wakes . Geophysical Research Letters , 47 ( 17 ): e2020 GL 088873 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088873 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088873 .

Malkus J S , Riehl H . 1960 . On the dynamics and energy transformations in steady-state hurricanes . Tellus A : Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography , 12 ( 1 ): 1 - 20 , https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v12i1.9351 https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v12i1.9351 .

Malone T C . 2003 . The coastal module of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS): an assessment of current capabilities to detect change . Marine Policy , 27 ( 4 ): 295 - 302 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-597X(03)00043-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-597X(03)00043-5 .

Marks Jr F D , Houze Jr R A . 1987 . Inner core structure of Hurricane Alicia from airborne Doppler radar observations . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , 44 ( 9 ): 1296 - 1317 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1296:ICSOHA>2.0.CO;2. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1296:ICSOHA>2.0.CO;2.

McPhaden M J . 1995 . The tropical atmosphere ocean array is completed . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 76 ( 5 ): 739 - 744 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-76.5.739 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-76.5.739 .

McTaggart-Cowan R , Davies E L , Fairman Jr J G et al . 2015 . Revisiting the 26.5 °‍‍C sea surface temperature threshold for tropical cyclone development . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 96 ( 11 ): 1929 - 1943 , https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00254.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00254.1 .

Monin A S , Obukhov A M . 1954 . Basic regularity in turbulent mixing in surface layer of the atmosphere . Trudy Geofiz, Instituta Akademii Nauk, SSSR (Proceedings of Geophysics Institute, National Academy of Science, SSSR) , 24 ( 151 ): 163 - 187 , https://gibbs.science/efd/handouts/monin_obukhov_1954.pdf https://gibbs.science/efd/handouts/monin_obukhov_1954.pdf .

Needham H F , Keim B D . 2014 . An empirical analysis on the relationship between tropical cyclone size and storm surge heights along the U.S. gulf coast . Earth Interactions , 18 ( 8 ): 1 - 15 , https://doi.org/10.1175/2013EI000558.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/2013EI000558.1 .

NOAA Office for Coastal Management . 2023 . Tropical cyclones: the highest costs . Fast facts, Hurricane costs , August 2023 , https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/hurricane-costs.html. Accessed on 2023-11-19 https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/hurricane-costs.html.Accessedon2023-11-19 .

Powell M D , Reinhold T A . 2007 . Tropical cyclone destructive potential by integrated kinetic energy . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 88 ( 4 ): 513 - 526 , https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-4-513 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-4-513 .

Price J F . 1981 . Upper ocean response to a hurricane . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 11 ( 2 ): 153 - 175 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<0153:UORTAH>2.0.CO;2. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<0153:UORTAH>2.0.CO;2.

Price J F , Morzel J , Niiler P P . 2008 . Warming of SST in the cool wake of a moving hurricane . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 113 ( C7 ): C07010 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004393 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004393 .

Rodgers E B , Baik J J , Pierce H F . 1994 . The environmental influence on tropical cyclone precipitation . Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology , 33 ( 5 ): 573 - 593 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<0573:TEIOTC>2.0.CO;2. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<0573:TEIOTC>2.0.CO;2.

Scharroo R , Smith W H F , Lillibridge J L . 2005 . Satellite altimetry and the intensification of Hurricane Katrina . Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union , 86 ( 40 ): 366 - 366 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2005EO400004 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005EO400004 .

Schultz C . 2011 . Surface ocean-lower atmosphere processes . Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union , 92 ( 7 ): 57 - 57 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2011EO070009 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011EO070009 .

Smith N , Kessler W S , Cravatte S et al . 2019 . Tropical pacific observing system . Frontiers in Marine Science , 6 : 31 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00031 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00031 .

Song X Z . 2020 . The importance of relative wind speed in estimating air-sea turbulent heat fluxes in bulk formulas: examples in the Bohai Sea . Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology , 37 ( 4 ): 589 - 603 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0091.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0091.1 .

Song X Z , Ning C L , Duan Y L et al . 2021 . Observed extreme air-sea heat flux variations during three tropical cyclones in the tropical southeastern Indian Ocean . Journal of Climate , 34 ( 9 ): 3683 - 3705 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0170.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0170.1 .

Stramma L , Cornillon P , Price J F . 1986 . Satellite observations of sea surface cooling by hurricanes . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 91 ( C4 ): 5031 - 5035 , https://doi.org/10.1029/JC091iC04p05031 https://doi.org/10.1029/JC091iC04p05031 .

Xie X H , Wei Z X , Wang B et al . 2022 . Extreme air-sea turbulent fluxes during tropical cyclone Barijat observed by a newly designed drifting buoy . Fundamental Research , published Online on September 2022 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.022 .

Yelland M J , Moat B I , Taylor P K et al . 1998 . Wind stress measurements from the open ocean corrected for airflow distortion by the ship . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 28 ( 7 ): 1511 - 1526 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1511:WSMFTO>2.0.CO;2. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1511:WSMFTO>2.0.CO;2.

Zhang F Q , Sippel J A . 2009 . Effects of moist convection on hurricane predictability . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , 66 ( 7 ): 1944 - 1961 , https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS2824.1 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS2824.1 .

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

An improved algorithm of simulation on air-sea turbulent heat fluxes in China seas

Interannual variability of latent and sensible heat fluxes in the South China Sea

Impacts of SST anomalies in the Indian-Pacific basin on Northwest Pacific tropical cyclone activities during three super El Niño years

Analyzing the influences of two types of El Niño on tropical cyclone genesis with a modified genesis potential index

双转子轴间滑油颗粒运动轨迹参数化模型