Arctic multiyear sea ice variability observed from satellites: a review

Haibo BI; Yu LIANG; Yunhe WANG; Xi LIANG; Zehua ZHANG; Tingqin DU; Qinglong YU; Jue HUANG; Mei KONG; Haijun HUANG

doi:10.1007/s00343-020-0093-7

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Arctic multiyear sea ice variability observed from satellites: a review

Review | Updated：2023-04-27

- Arctic multiyear sea ice variability observed from satellites: a review
- Arctic multiyear sea ice variability observed from satellites: a review
- 海洋湖沼学报（英文） 2020年38卷第4期页码：962-984
- Affiliations：
  
  1.CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  2.Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
  3.Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  4.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  5.Shandong Academy of Environmental Science Co., Ltd., Jinan 250013, China
  6.National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
  7.Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  8.Shandong Provincial Eco-environment Monitoring Center, Jinan 250101, China
- Author bio：
  
  BI Haibo, bhb@qdio.ac.cn
  WANG Yunhe, yhw1118@yeah.net
- Funds：
  
  the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1404000);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41406215);the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(U1606401);the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(014M561971);the Open Funds for the Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(MGE2020KG04);© Chinese Society for Oceanology and Limnology, Science Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
- DOI：10.1007/s00343-020-0093-7
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2020-02-20，
  
  录用：2020-3-25，
  
  网络首发：2020-05-04，
  
  纸质出版：2020-07
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Arctic multiyear sea ice variability observed from satellites: a review[J]. 海洋湖沼学报（英文）, 2020,38(4):962-984.

Haibo BI, Yu LIANG, Yunhe WANG, et al. Arctic multiyear sea ice variability observed from satellites: a review[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2020, 38(4): 962-984.
Arctic multiyear sea ice variability observed from satellites: a review[J]. 海洋湖沼学报（英文）, 2020,38(4):962-984. DOI： 10.1007/s00343-020-0093-7.

Haibo BI, Yu LIANG, Yunhe WANG, et al. Arctic multiyear sea ice variability observed from satellites: a review[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2020, 38(4): 962-984. DOI： 10.1007/s00343-020-0093-7.

摘要

Abstract

In comparison with seasonal sea ice (first-year ice

FY ice)

multiyear (MY) sea ice is thicker and has more opportunity to survive through the summer melting seasons. Therefore

the variability of wintertime MY ice plays a vital role in modulating the variations in the Arctic sea ice minimum extent during the following summer. As a response

the ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions may be significantly affected by the variations in the MY ice cover. Satellite observations are characterized by their capability to capture the spatiotemporal changes of Arctic sea ice. During the recent decades

many active and passive sensors onboard a variety of satellites (QuikSCAT

ASCAT

SSMIS

ICESat

CryoSat-2

etc.) have been used to monitor the dramatic loss of Arctic MY ice. The main objective of this study is to outline the advances and remaining challenges in monitoring the MY ice changes through the utilization of multiple satellite observations. We summarize the primary satellite data sources that are used to identify MY ice. The methodology to classify MY ice and derive MY ice concentration is reviewed. The interannual variability and trends in the MY ice time series in terms of coverage

thickness

volume

and age composition are evaluated. The potential causes associated with the observed Arctic MY ice loss are outlined

which are primarily related to the export and melting mechanisms. In addition

the causes to the MY ice depletion from the perspective of the oceanic water inflow from Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and the water vapor intrusion

as well as the roles of synoptic weather

are analyzed. The remaining challenges and possible upcoming research subjects in detecting the rapidly changing Arctic MY ice using the combined application of multisource remote sensing techniques are discussed. Moreover

some suggestions for the future application of satellite observations on the investigations of MY ice cover changes are proposed.

关键词

Keywords

references

W Abdalati , H J Zwally , R Bindschadler , B Csatho , S L Farrell , H A Fricker , D Harding , R Kwok , M Lefsky , T Markus , A Marshak , T Neumann , S Palm , B Schutz , B Smith , J Spinhirne , C Webb . The ICESat-2 laser altimetry mission . Proceedings of the IEEE , 2010 . 98 ( 5 ): 735 - 751 . DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2009.2034765 http://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2009.2034765 .

Ackley S, Hibler W, Kugzruk F, Kovacs A, Weeks W. 1974.Thickness and roughness variations of Arctic multi-year sea ice. In : Ocean'74-IEEE International Conference on Engineering in the Ocean Environment. IEEE, Halifax, Nova Scotia. p.109-117.

C Alexander , N Bynum , E Johnson , U King , T Mustonen , P Neofotis , N Oettlé , C Rosenzweig , C Sakakibara , V Shadrin , M Vicarelli , J Waterhouse , B Weeks . Linking indigenous and scientific knowledge of climate change . BioScience , 2011 . 61 ( 6 ): 477 - 484 . DOI: 10.1525/bio.2011.61.6.10 http://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.6.10 .

I Allison , R E Brandt , S G Warren . East Antarctic sea ice: albedo, thickness distribution, and snow cover . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 1993 . 98 ( C7 ): 12 417 - 12 429 . DOI: 10.1029/93JC00648 http://doi.org/10.1029/93JC00648 .

H B Bi , M Fu , K Sun , Y L Liu , X L Xu , H J Huang . Arctic sea ice thickness changes in terms of sea ice age . Acta Oceanologica Sinica , 2016a . 35 ( 10 ): 1 - 10 . DOI: 10.1007/s13131-016-0922-x http://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-016-0922-x .

H B Bi , H J Huang , Q Su , L W Yan , Y X Liu , X L Xu . An Arctic sea ice thickness variability revealed from satellite altimetric measurements . Acta Oceanologica Sinica , 2014 . 33 ( 11 ): 134 - 140 . DOI: 10.1007/s13131-014-0562-y http://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-014-0562-y .

H B Bi , K Sun , X Zhou , H J Huang , X L Xu . Arctic sea ice area export through the Fram Strait estimated from satellite-based data: 1988-2012 . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 2016b . 9 ( 7 ): 3 144 - 3 157 . DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2584539 http://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2584539 .

H B Bi , Q H Yang , X Liang , L Zhang , Y H Wang , Y Liang , H J Huang . Contributions of advection and melting processes to the decline in sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean . The Cryosphere , 2019a . 13 ( 5 ): 1 423 - 1 439 . DOI: 10.5194/tc-13-1423-2019 http://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1423-2019 .

H B Bi , J L Zhang , Y H Wang , Z H Zhang , Y Zhang , M Fu , H J Huang , X L Xu . Arctic sea ice volume changes in terms of age as revealed from satellite observations . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 2018 . 11 ( 7 ): 2 223 - 2 237 . DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2823735 http://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2823735 .

H B Bi , Z H Zhang , Y H Wang , X L Xu , Y Liang , J Huang , Y L Liu , M Fu . Baffin Bay sea ice inflow and outflow:1978-1979 to 2016-2017 . The Cryosphere , 2019b . 13 ( 3 ): 1 025 - 1 042 . DOI: 10.5194/tc-13-1025-2019 http://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1025-2019 .

B Brümmer , G Müller , B Affeld , R Gerdes , M Karcher , F Kauker . Cyclones over Fram Strait: impact on sea ice and variability . Polar Research , 2001 . 20 ( 2 ): 147 - 152 . .

E C Carmack , H Melling . Cryosphere: warmth from the deep? . Nature Geoscience , 2011 . 4 ( 1 ): 7 - 8 . DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1044 http://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1044 .

J C Comiso , D J Cavalieri , C L Parkinson , P Gloersen . Passive microwave algorithms for sea ice concentration: a comparison of two techniques . Remote Sensing of Environment , 1997 . 60 ( 3 ): 357 - 384 . DOI: 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00220-9 http://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00220-9 .

J C Comiso . Large decadal decline of the Arctic multiyear ice cover . Journal of Climate , 2012 . 25 ( 4 ): 1 176 - 1 193 . http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dffcfad6275743202b91d6ef14c52023 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dffcfad6275743202b91d6ef14c52023 , .

G F N Cox , W F Weeks . Salinity variations in sea ice . Journal of Glaciology , 1974 . 13 ( 67 ): 109 - 120 . DOI: 10.1017/S0022143000023418 http://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000023418 .

J A Curry , J L Schramm , E E Ebert . Sea ice-albedo climate feedback mechanism . Journal of Climate , 1995 . 8 ( 2 ): 240 - 247 . http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK/NSTL_QKJJ028458400/ http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK/NSTL_QKJJ028458400/ , .

M Dabboor , B Montpetit , S Howell . Assessment of the high resolution SAR mode of the RADARSAT constellation mission for first year ice and multiyear ice characterization . Remote Sensing , 2018 . 10 ( 4 ): 594 DOI: 10.3390/rs10040594 http://doi.org/10.3390/rs10040594 .

C Deser , L T Sun , R A Tomas , J Screen . Does ocean coupling matter for the northern extratropical response to projected Arctic sea ice loss? . Geophysical Research Letters , 2016 . 43 ( 5 ): 2 149 - 2 157 . DOI: 10.1002/2016GL067792 http://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL067792 .

C Deser , R A Tomas , L T Sun . The role of oceanatmosphere coupling in the zonal-mean atmospheric response to Arctic sea ice loss . Journal of Climate , 2015 . 28 ( 6 ): 2 168 - 2 186 . DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00325.1 http://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00325.1 .

Q H Ding , A Schweiger , M L'Heureux , D S Battisti , S PoChedley , N C Johnson , E Blanchard-Wrigglesworth , K Harnos , Q Zhang , R Eastman , E J Steig . Influence of high-latitude atmospheric circulation changes on summertime Arctic sea ice . Nature Climate Change , 2017 . 7 ( 4 ): 289 - 295 . DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3241 http://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3241 .

G M Durner , D C Douglas , S E Albeke , J P Whiteman , S C Amstrup , E Richardson , R R Wilson , M Ben-David . Increased Arctic sea ice drift alters adult female polar bear movements and energetics . Global Change Biology , 2017 . 23 ( 9 ): 3 460 - 3 473 . DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13746 http://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13746 .

J A Francis , S J Vavrus . Evidence for a wavier jet stream in response to rapid Arctic warming . Environmental Research Letters , 2015 . 10 ( 1 ): 014005 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014005 http://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014005 .

J A Francis . The where and when of wetter and drier:disappearing Arctic sea ice plays a role . Environmental Research Letters , 2013 . 8 ( 4 ): 041002 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/041002 http://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/041002 .

J A Francis . The Arctic matters: extreme weather responds to diminished Arctic sea ice . Environmental Research Letters , 2015 . 10 ( 9 ): 091002 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/091002 http://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/091002 .

R J Galley , D Babb , M Ogi , B G T Else , N X Geilfus , O Crabeck , D G Barber , S Rysgaard . Replacement of multiyear sea ice and changes in the open water season duration in the Beaufort Sea since 2004 . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 2016 . 121 ( 3 ): 1 806 - 1 823 . DOI: 10.1002/2015JC011583 http://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011583 .

Y Q Gao , J Q Sun , F Li , S P He , S Sandven , Q Yan , Z S Zhang , K Lohmann , N Keenlyside , T Furevik , L L Sun . Arctic sea ice and Eurasian climate: a review . Advances in Atmospheric Sciences , 2015 . 32 ( 1 ): 92 - 114 . http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dqkxjz-e201501006 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dqkxjz-e201501006 , .

T T Gong , S Feldstein , S Lee . The role of downward infrared radiation in the recent Arctic winter warming trend . Journal of Climate , 2017 . 30 ( 13 ): 4 937 - 4 949 . DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0180.1 http://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0180.1 .

C G Griffin , J W McClelland , K E Frey , G Fiske , R M Holmes . Quantifying CDOM and DOC in major Arctic rivers during ice-free conditions using Landsat TM and ETM+ data . Remote Sensing of Environment , 2018 . 209 395 - 409 . DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.060 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.060 .

C Haas , A Pfaffling , S Hendricks , L Rabenstein , J L Etienne , I Rigor . Reduced ice thickness in Arctic Transpolar Drift favors rapid ice retreat . Geophysical Research Letters , 2008 . 35 ( 17 ): L17501 DOI: 10.1029/2008GL034457 http://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034457 .

Hallikainen M, Winebrenner D P. 1992. The physical basis for sea ice remote sensing. In : Carsey F D ed. Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice. Washington DC: AGU.

E Hansen , S Gerland , M A Granskog , O Pavlova , A H H Renner , J Haapala , T B Løyning , M Tschudi . Thinning of Arctic sea ice observed in Fram Strait: 1990-2011 . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 2013 . 118 ( 10 ): 5 202 - 5 221 . DOI: 10.1002/jgrc.20393 http://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20393 .

J Ho . The implications of Arctic sea ice decline on shipping . Marine Policy , 2010 . 34 ( 3 ): 713 - 715 . http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X09001717 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X09001717 , .

M Ionita , P Scholz , G Lohmann , M Dima , M Prange . Linkages between atmospheric blocking, sea ice export through Fram Strait and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation . Scientific Reports , 2016 . 6 32 881 DOI: 10.1038/srep32881 http://doi.org/10.1038/srep32881 .

N Ivanova , O M Johannessen , L T Pedersen , R T Tonboe . Retrieval of Arctic sea ice parameters by satellite passive microwave sensors: a comparison of eleven sea ice concentration algorithms . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2014 . 52 ( 11 ): 7 233 - 7 246 . DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2014.2310136 http://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2014.2310136 .

J M Jackson , W J Williams , E C Carmack . Winter seaice melt in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean . Geophysical Research Letters , 2012 . 39 ( 3 ): L03603 .

Q Ji , F Li , X P Pang , C Luo . Statistical Analysis of SSMIS sea ice concentration threshold at the arctic sea ice edge during summer based on MODIS and ship-based observational data . Sensors , 2018 . 18 ( 4 ): 1 109 DOI: 10.3390/s18041109 http://doi.org/10.3390/s18041109 .

E Johansson , A Devasthale , M Tjernström , A M L Ekman , T L'Ecuyer . Response of the lower troposphere to moisture intrusions into the Arctic . Geophysical Research Letters , 2017 . 44 ( 5 ): 2 527 - 2 536 . DOI: 10.1002/2017GL072687 http://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072687 .

M Johnson , A Proshutinsky , Y Aksenov , A T Nguyen , R Lindsay , C Haas , J L Zhang , N Diansky , R Kwok , W Maslowski , S Häkkinen , I Ashik , B de Cuevas . Evaluation of Arctic sea ice thickness simulated by Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project models . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 2012 . 117 ( C00D13 ): C00D13 DOI: 10.1029/2011JC007257 http://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007257 .

B M Jones , C D Arp , M T Jorgenson , K M Hinkel , J A Schmutz , P L Flint . Increase in the rate and uniformity of coastline erosion in Arctic Alaska . Geophysical Research Letters , 2009 . 36 ( 3 ): L03503 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2008GL036205 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2008GL036205 , .

M L Kapsch , R G Graversen , M Tjernström . Springtime atmospheric energy transport and the control of Arctic summer sea-ice extent . Nature Climate Change , 2013 . 3 ( 8 ): 744 - 748 . DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1884 http://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1884 .

J E Kay , A Gettelman . Cloud influence on and response to seasonal Arctic sea ice loss . Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres , 2009 . 114 ( D18 ): D18204 DOI: 10.1029/2009JD011773 http://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011773 .

V C Khon , I I Mokhov , M Latif , V A Semenov , W Park . Perspectives of Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage in the twenty-first century . Climatic Change , 2010 . 100 ( 3-4 ): 757 - 768 . DOI: 10.1007/s10584-009-9683-2 http://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9683-2 .

A Kovacs , R M Morey . Electromagnetic measurements of multi-year sea ice using impulse radar . Cold Regions Science and Technology , 1986 . 12 ( 1 ): 67 - 93 . DOI: 10.1016/0165-232X(86)90021-2 http://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(86)90021-2 .

T Krumpen , R Gerdes , C Haas , S Hendricks , A Herber , V Selyuzhenok , L Smedsrud , G Spreen . Recent summer sea ice thickness surveys in Fram Strait and associated ice volume fluxes . The Cryosphere , 2016 . 10 ( 2 ): 523 - 534 . DOI: 10.5194/tc-10-523-2016 http://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-523-2016 .

R Kwok , J C Comiso , G F Cunningham . Seasonal characteristics of the perennial ice cover of the Beaufort Sea . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 1996 . 101 ( C12 ): 28 417 - 28 439 . DOI: 10.1029/96JC02455 http://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02455 .

R Kwok , G F Cunningham , S S Pang . Fram Strait sea ice outflow . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 2004 . 109 ( C1 ): C01009 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hyxb-e201701006 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hyxb-e201701006 , .

R Kwok , G F Cunningham , H J Zwally , D Yi . Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) over Arctic sea ice:retrieval of freeboard . Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans , 2007 . 112 ( C12 ): C12013 DOI: 10.1029/2006JC003978 http://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003978 .

R Kwok , G F Cunningham . Contribution of melt in the Beaufort Sea to the decline in Arctic multiyear sea ice coverage: 1993-2009 . Geophysical Research Letters , 2010 . 37 ( 20 ): L20501 .

R Kwok , G F Cunningham . Variability of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume from CryoSat-2 . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences , 2015 . 373 ( 2045 ): 20140157 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0157 http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0157 .

R Kwok , G F Cunningham . Contributions of growth and deformation to monthly variability in sea ice thickness north of the coasts of Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . Geophysical Research Letters , 2016 . 43 ( 15 ): 8 097 - 8 105 . DOI: 10.1002/2016GL069333 http://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069333 .

R Kwok , T Markus , N T Kurtz , A A Petty , T A Neumann , S L Farrell , G F Cunningham , D W Hancock , A Ivanoff , J T Wimert . Surface height and sea ice freeboard of the Arctic Ocean from ICESat-2: characteristics and early results . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 2019 . 124 ( 10 ): 6 942 - 6 959 . DOI: 10.1029/2019JC015486 http://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015486 .

R Kwok , W Maslowski , S W Laxon . On large outflows of Arctic sea ice into the Barents Sea . Geophysical Research Letters , 2005 . 32 ( 22 ): L22503 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2005GL024485 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2005GL024485 , .

R Kwok , L T Pedersen , P Gudmandsen , S S Pang . Large sea ice outflow into the Nares Strait in 2007 . Geophysical Research Letters , 2010 . 37 ( 3 ): L03502 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2009GL041872 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2009GL041872 , .

R Kwok , D A Rothrock . Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958-2008 . Geophysical Research Letters , 2009 . 36 ( 15 ): L15501 .

R Kwok , G Spreen , S Pang . Arctic sea ice circulation and drift speed: decadal trends and ocean currents . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 2013 . 118 ( 5 ): 2 408 - 2 425 . DOI: 10.1002/jgrc.20191 http://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20191 .

R Kwok . Annual cycles of multiyear sea ice coverage of the Arctic Ocean: 1999-2003 . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 2004 . 109 ( C11 ): C11004 DOI: 10.1029/2003JC002238 http://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002238 .

R Kwok . Exchange of sea ice between the Arctic Ocean and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . Geophysical Research Letters , 2006 . 33 ( 16 ): L16501 DOI: 10.1029/2006GL027094 http://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027094 .

R Kwok . Baffin Bay ice drift and export: 2002-2007 . Geophysical Research Letters , 2007a . 34 ( 19 ): L19501 DOI: 10.1029/2007GL031204 http://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031204 .

R Kwok . Near zero replenishment of the Arctic multiyear sea ice cover at the end of 2005 summer . Geophysical Research Letters , 2007b . 34 ( 5 ): L05501 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2006GL028737 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2006GL028737 , .

R Kwok . Summer sea ice motion from the 18 GHz channel of AMSR-E and the exchange of sea ice between the Pacific and Atlantic sectors . Geophysical Research Letters , 2008 . 35 ( 3 ): L03504 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=47c69eda137267133b929080931bb05e http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=47c69eda137267133b929080931bb05e , .

R Kwok . Outflow of Arctic Ocean sea ice into the Greenland and Barents Seas: 1979-2007 . Journal of Climate , 2009 . 22 ( 9 ): 2 438 - 2 457 . DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2819.1 http://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2819.1 .

R Kwok . Sea ice convergence along the Arctic coasts of Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago:variability and extremes (1992-2014) . Geophysical Research Letters , 2015 . 42 ( 18 ): 7 598 - 7 605 . DOI: 10.1002/2015GL065462 http://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065462 .

R Kwok . Arctic sea ice thickness, volume, and multiyear ice coverage: losses and coupled variability (1958-2018) . Environmental Research Letters , 2018 . 13 ( 10 ): 105005 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aae3ec http://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae3ec .

S W Laxon , K A Giles , A L Ridout , D J Wingham , R Willatt , R Cullen , R Kwok , A Schweiger , J L Zhang , C Haas , S Hendricks , R Krishfield , N Kurtz , S Farrell , M Davidson . CryoSat-2 estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume . Geophysical Research Letters , 2013 . 40 ( 4 ): 732 - 737 . DOI: 10.1002/grl.50193 http://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50193 .

S Laxon , N Peacock , D Smith . High interannual variability of sea ice thickness in the Arctic region . Nature , 2003 . 425 ( 6961 ): 947 - 950 . DOI: 10.1038/nature02050 http://doi.org/10.1038/nature02050 .

T S Ledley . Sea ice: multiyear cycles and white ice . Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres , 1985 . 90 ( D3 ): 5 676 - 5 686 . DOI: 10.1029/JD090iD03p05676 http://doi.org/10.1029/JD090iD03p05676 .

S M Lee , B J Sohn , S J Kim . Differentiating between first-year and multiyear sea ice in the Arctic using microwave-retrieved ice emissivities . Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres , 2017b . 122 ( 10 ): 5 097 - 5 112 . DOI: 10.1002/2016JD026275 http://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026275 .

S Lee , T T Gong , S B Feldstein , J A Screen , I Simmonds . Revisiting the cause of the 1989-2009 Arctic surface warming using the surface energy budget:downward infrared radiation dominates the surface fluxes . Geophysical Research Letters , 2017a . 44 ( 20 ): 10 654 - 10 661 . DOI: 10.1002/2017GL075375 http://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075375 .

R B Lei , D W Gui , P Heil , J K Hutchings , M H Ding . Comparisons of sea ice motion and deformation, and their responses to ice conditions and cyclonic activity in the western Arctic Ocean between two summers . Cold Regions Science and Technology , 2020 . 170 102925 DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102925 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102925 .

R B Lei , H J Xie , J Wang , M Leppäranta , I Jónsdóttir , Z H Zhang . Changes in sea ice conditions along the Arctic Northeast Passage from 1979 to 2012 . Cold Regions Science and Technology , 2015 . 119 132 - 144 . DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.08.004 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.08.004 .

Y Liang , H B Bi , Y H Wang , Z H Zhang , Y Zhang , Y X Liu , H J Huang . A review of synoptic weather effects on sea ice outflow through Fram Strait: cyclone vs . anticyclone. Advances in Polar Sciences , 2020 . 31 ( 1 ): 43 - 54 . http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/jdkx-e202001006 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/jdkx-e202001006 , .

D B Lindell , D G Long . Multiyear Arctic ice classification using ASCAT and SSMIS . Remote Sensing , 2016a . 8 ( 4 ): 294 DOI: 10.3390/rs8040294 http://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040294 .

D B Lindell , D G Long . Multiyear Arctic sea ice classification using OSCAT and QuikSCAT . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2016b . 54 ( 1 ): 167 - 175 . DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2015.2452215 http://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2015.2452215 .

C Lindsay , J Zhu , A E Miller , P Kirchner , T L Wilson . Deriving snow cover metrics for Alaska from MODIS . Remote Sensing , 2015 . 7 ( 10 ): 12 961 - 12 985 . DOI: 10.3390/rs71012961 http://doi.org/10.3390/rs71012961 .

R Lindsay , A Schweiger . Arctic sea ice thickness loss determined using subsurface, aircraft, and satellite observations . The Cryosphere , 2015 . 9 ( 1 ): 269 - 283 . DOI: 10.5194/tc-9-269-2015 http://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-269-2015 .

J P Liu , J A Curry , H J Wang , M R Song , R M Horton . Impact of declining Arctic sea ice on winter snowfall . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 2012a . 109 ( 11 ): 4 074 - 4 079 . DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114910109 http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114910109 .

Y H Liu , J R Key , Z Y Liu , X J Wang , S J Vavrus . A cloudier Arctic expected with diminishing sea ice . Geophysical Research Letters , 2012b . 39 ( 5 ): L05705 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2012GL051251 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2012GL051251 , .

B H Luo , L X Wu , D H Luo , A G Dai , I Simmonds . The winter midlatitude-Arctic interaction: effects of North Atlantic SST and high-latitude blocking on Arctic sea ice and Eurasian cooling . Climate Dynamics , 2019 . 52 ( 5 ): 2 981 - 3 004 . .

D H Luo , Y Q Xiao , Y Yao , A G Dai , I Simmonds , C L E Franzke . Impact of Ural blocking on winter warm Arctic-cold Eurasian anomalies. Part I: Blocking-induced amplification . Journal of Climate , 2016 . 29 ( 11 ): 3 925 - 3 947 . DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0611.1 http://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0611.1 .

J A Maslanik , C Fowler , J Stroeve , S Drobot , J Zwally , D Yi , W Emery . A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover:increased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss . Geophysical Research Letters , 2007 . 34 ( 24 ): L24501 DOI: 10.1029/2007GL032043 http://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032043 .

J Maslanik , J Stroeve , C Fowler , W Emery . Distribution and trends in Arctic sea ice age through spring 2011 . Geophysical Research Letters , 2011 . 38 ( 13 ): L13502 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK/10.1029-2011GL047735/ http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK/10.1029-2011GL047735/ , .

R Massom , J C Comiso . The classification of Arctic sea ice types and the determination of surface temperature using advanced very high resolution radiometer data . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 1994 . 99 ( C3 ): 5 201 - 5 218 . DOI: 10.1029/93JC03449 http://doi.org/10.1029/93JC03449 .

W N Meier , G K Hovelsrud , B E H Van Oort , J R Key , K M Kovacs , C Michel , C Haas , M A Granskog , S Gerland , D K Perovich , A Makshtas , J D Reist . Arctic sea ice in transformation: a review of recent observed changes and impacts on biology and human activity . Reviews of Geophysics , 2014 . 52 ( 3 ): 185 - 217 . .

S V Nghiem , Y Chao , G Neumann , P Li , D K Perovich , T Street , P Clemente-Colón . Depletion of perennial sea ice in the East Arctic Ocean . Geophysical Research Letters , 2006 . 33 ( 17 ): L17501 DOI: 10.1029/2006GL027198 http://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027198 .

M Ogi , I G Rigor , M G McPhee , J M Wallace . Summer retreat of Arctic sea ice: role of summer winds . Geophysical Research Letters , 2008 . 35 ( 24 ): L24701 DOI: 10.1029/2008GL035672 http://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035672 .

E Olason , D Notz . Drivers of variability in A rctic sea-ice drift speed . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 2014 . 119 ( 9 ): 5 755 - 5 775 . DOI: 10.1002/2014JC009897 http://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC009897 .

Onstott R G. 1992. SAR and scatterometer signatures of sea ice. In : Carsey F D ed. Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice. Washington: AGU, 73-104.

Y J Orsolini , R Senan , R E Benestad , A Melsom . Autumn atmospheric response to the 2007 low Arctic sea ice extent in coupled ocean-atmosphere hindcasts . Climate Dynamics , 2012 . 38 ( 11-12 ): 2 437 - 2 448 . DOI: 10.1007/s00382-011-1169-z http://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1169-z .

I Overeem , R S Anderson , C W Wobus , G D Clow , F E Urban , N Matell . Sea ice loss enhances wave action at the Arctic coast . Geophysical Research Letters , 2011 . 38 ( 17 ): L17503 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2011GL048681 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2011GL048681 , .

J E Overland , K Dethloff , J A Francis , R J Hall , E Hanna , S J Kim , J A Screen , T G Shepherd , T Vihma . Nonlinear response of mid-latitude weather to the changing Arctic . Nature Climate Change , 2016 . 6 ( 11 ): 992 - 999 . DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3121 http://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3121 .

J E Overland , M Y Wang , J E Walsh , J C Stroeve . Future Arctic climate changes: adaptation and mitigation time scales . Earth's Future , 2014 . 2 ( 2 ): 68 - 74 . DOI: 10.1002/2013EF000162 http://doi.org/10.1002/2013EF000162 .

J E Overland , M Y Wang . Large-scale atmospheric circulation changes are associated with the recent loss of Arctic sea ice . Tellus A , 2010 . 62 ( 1 ): 1 - 9 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2009.00421.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2009.00421.x .

J Overland , E Dunlea , J E Box , R Corell , M Forsius , V Kattsov , M S Olsen , J Pawlak , L O Reiersen , M Y Wang . The urgency of Arctic change . Polar Science , 2019 . 21 6 - 13 . DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2018.11.008 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2018.11.008 .

C L Parkinson , J C Comiso . On the 2012 record low Arctic sea ice cover: combined impact of preconditioning and an August storm . Geophysical Research Letters , 2013 . 40 ( 7 ): 1 356 - 1 361 . DOI: 10.1002/grl.50349 http://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50349 .

Y Peings , G Magnusdottir . Response of the wintertime Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation to current and projected Arctic sea ice decline: a numerical study with CAM5 . Journal of Climate , 2014 . 27 ( 1 ): 244 - 264 . .

D K Perovich , T C Grenfell , B Light , P V Hobbs . Seasonal evolution of the albedo of multiyear Arctic sea ice . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 2002 . 107 ( C10 ): SHE 20-21 - SHE 20-13 . http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK/10.1029-2000JC000438/ http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK/10.1029-2000JC000438/ , .

D K Perovich , J A Richter-Menge , K F Jones , B Light . Sunlight, water, and ice: extreme Arctic sea ice melt during the summer of 2007 . Geophysical Research Letters , 2008 . 35 ( 11 ): L11501 DOI: 10.1029/2008GL034007 http://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034007 .

D K Perovich . Sunlight, clouds, sea ice, albedo, and the radiative budget: the umbrella versus the blanket . The Cryosphere , 2018 . 12 ( 6 ): 2 159 - 2 165 . DOI: 10.5194/tc-12-2159-2018 http://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2159-2018 .

L Pizzolato , S E L Howell , J Dawson , F Laliberté , L Copland . The influence of declining sea ice on shipping activity in the Canadian Arctic . Geophysical Research Letters , 2016 . 43 ( 23 ): 12 146 - 112 154 . DOI: 10.1002/2016GL071489 http://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071489 .

I V Polyakov , V A Alexeev , I M Ashik , S Bacon , A BeszczynskaMöller , E C Carmack , I A Dmitrenko , L Fortier , J C Gascard , E Hansen , J Hölemann , V V Ivanov , T Kikuchi , S Kirillov , Y D Lenn , F A McLaughlin , J Piechura , I Repina , L A Timokhov , W Walczowski , R Woodgate . Fate of Early 2000s Arctic warm water pulse . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 2011 . 92 ( 5 ): 561 - 566 . DOI: 10.1175/2010BAMS2921.1 http://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS2921.1 .

I V Polyakov , A Beszczynska , E C Carmack , I A Dmitrenko , E Fahrbach , I E Frolov , R Gerdes , E Hansen , J Holfort , V V Ivanov , M A Johnson , M Karcher , F Kauker , J Morison , K A Orvik , U Schauer , H L Simmons , Ø Skagseth , V T Sokolov , M Steele , L A Timokhov , D Walsh , J E Walsh . One more step toward a warmer Arctic . Geophysical Research Letters , 2005 . 32 ( 17 ): L17605 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2005GL023740 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1029/2005GL023740 , .

I V Polyakov , J E Walsh , R Kwok . Recent changes of Arctic multiyear sea ice coverage and the likely causes . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 2012 . 93 ( 2 ): 145 - 151 . DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00070.1 http://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00070.1 .

R Ressel , S Singha . Comparing near coincident space borne C and X band fully polarimetric sar data for arctic sea ice classification . Remote Sensing , 2016 . 8 ( 3 ): 198 DOI: 10.3390/rs8030198 http://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030198 .

R Ricker , F Girard-Ardhuin , T Krumpen , C Lique . Satellite-derived sea ice export and its impact on Arctic ice mass balance . The Cryosphere , 2018 . 12 ( 9 ): 3 017 - 3 032 . DOI: 10.5194/tc-12-3017-2018 http://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3017-2018 .

I G Rigor , J M Wallace , R L Colony . Response of sea ice to the Arctic Oscillation . Journal of Climate , 2002 . 15 ( 18 ): 2 648 - 2 663 . DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2648:ROSITT>2.0.CO;2 http://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2648:ROSITT>2.0.CO;2 .

I G Rigor , J M Wallace . Variations in the age of Arctic sea-ice and summer sea-ice extent . Geophysical Research Letters , 2004 . 31 ( 9 ): L09401 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.3402/polar.v30i0.7379 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.3402/polar.v30i0.7379 , .

A Robock . The seasonal cycle of snow cover, sea ice and surface albedo . Monthly Weather Review , 1980 . 108 ( 3 ): 267 - 285 . DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0267:TSCOSC>2.0.CO;2 http://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0267:TSCOSC>2.0.CO;2 .

N Rodriguez-Alvarez , B Holt , S Jaruwatanadilok , E Podest , K C Cavanaugh . An Arctic sea ice multi-step classification based on GNSS-R data from the TDS-1 mission . Remote Sensing of Environment , 2019 . 230 111202 DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2019.05.021 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.05.021 .

D A Rothrock , Y Yu , G A Maykut . Thinning of the Arctic sea-ice cover . Geophysical Research Letters , 1999 . 26 ( 23 ): 3 469 - 3 472 . DOI: 10.1029/1999GL010863 http://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010863 .

B Rudels , H J Friedrich , D Hainbucher , G Lohmann . On the parameterisation of oceanic sensible heat loss to the atmosphere and to ice in an ice-covered mixed layer in winter . Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ: Topical Studies in Oceanography , 1999 . 46 ( 6-7 ): 1 385 - 1 425 . DOI: 10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00028-4 http://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00028-4 .

B Rudels , M Korhonen , U Schauer , S Pisarev , B Rabe , A Wisotzki . Circulation and transformation of Atlantic water in the Eurasian Basin and the Contribution of the Fram Strait inflow branch to the Arctic Ocean heat budget . Progress in Oceanography , 2015 . 132 128 - 152 . DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.003 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.003 .

O Schofield , H W Ducklow , D G Martinson , M P Meredith , M A Moline , W R Fraser . How do polar marine ecosystems respond to rapid climate change? . Science , 2010 . 328 ( 5985 ): 1 520 - 1 523 . DOI: 10.1126/science.1185779 http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185779 .

J A Screen , C Deser , I Simmonds , R Tomas . Atmospheric impacts of Arctic sea-ice loss, 1979-2009: separating forced change from atmospheric internal variability . Climate Dynamics , 2014 . 43 ( 1-2 ): 333 - 344 . DOI: 10.1007/s00382-013-1830-9 http://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1830-9 .

J A Screen , J A Francis . Contribution of sea-ice loss to Arctic amplification is regulated by Pacific Ocean decadal variability . Nature Climate Change , 2016 . 6 ( 9 ): 856 - 860 . DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3011 http://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3011 .

J A Screen , I Simmonds , C Deser , R Tomas . The atmospheric response to three decades of observed Arctic sea ice loss . Journal of Climate , 2013 . 26 ( 4 ): 1 230 - 1 248 . DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00063.1 http://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00063.1 .

J A Screen , I Simmonds , K Keay . Dramatic interannual changes of perennial Arctic sea ice linked to abnormal summer storm activity . Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres , 2011 . 116 ( D15 ): D15105 DOI: 10.1029/2011JD015847 http://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015847 .

J A Screen , I Simmonds . The central role of diminishing sea ice in recent Arctic temperature amplification . Nature , 2010 . 464 ( 7293 ): 1 334 - 1 337 . DOI: 10.1038/nature09051 http://doi.org/10.1038/nature09051 .

J A Screen . Simulated atmospheric response to regional and pan-Arctic sea ice loss . Journal of Climate , 2017 . 30 ( 11 ): 3 945 - 3 962 . DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0197.1 http://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0197.1 .

M C Serreze , A P Barrett , J C Stroeve , D N Kindig , M M Holland . The emergence of surface-based Arctic amplification . The Cryosphere , 2009 . 3 ( 1 ): 11 - 19 . DOI: 10.5194/tc-3-11-2009 http://doi.org/10.5194/tc-3-11-2009 .

M C Serreze , R G Barry . Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: a research synthesis . Global and Planetary Change , 2011 . 77 ( 1-2 ): 85 - 96 . DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004 .

M C Serreze , J Stroeve . Arctic sea ice trends, variability and implications for seasonal ice forecasting . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences , 2015 . 373 ( 2045 ): 20140159 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0159 http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0159 .

K Shimada , T Kamoshida , M Itoh , S Nishino , E Carmack , F McLaughlin , S Zimmermann , A Proshutinsky . Pacific Ocean inflow: influence on catastrophic reduction of sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean . Geophysical Research Letters , 2006 . 33 ( 8 ): L08605 .

M Shokr , T A Agnew . Validation and potential applications of Environment Canada Ice Concentration Extractor (ECICE) algorithm to Arctic ice by combining AMSR-E and QuikSCAT observations . Remote Sensing of Environment , 2013a . 128 315 - 332 . DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.10.016 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.10.016 .

M Shokr , T A Agnew . Validation and potential applications of Environment Canada Ice Concentration Extractor (ECICE) algorithm to Arctic ice by combining AMSR-E and QuikSCAT observations . Remote Sensing of Environment , 2013b . 128 315 - 332 . DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.10.016 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.10.016 .

L H Smedsrud , M H Halvorsen , J C Stroeve , R Zhang , K Kloster . Fram Strait sea ice export variability and September Arctic sea ice extent over the last 80 years . The Cryosphere , 2017 . 11 ( 1 ): 65 - 79 . DOI: 10.5194/tc-11-65-2017 http://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-65-2017 .

L H Smedsrud , A Sirevaag , K Kloster , A Sorteberg , S Sandven . Recent wind driven high sea ice area export in the Fram Strait contributes to Arctic sea ice decline . The Cryosphere , 2011 . 5 ( 4 ): 821 - 829 . DOI: 10.5194/tc-5-821-2011 http://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-821-2011 .

V Smetacek , S Nicol . Polar ocean ecosystems in a changing world . Nature , 2005 . 437 ( 7057 ): 362 - 368 . DOI: 10.1038/nature04161 http://doi.org/10.1038/nature04161 .

D M Smith , N J Dunstone , A A Scaife , E K Fiedler , D Copsey , S C Hardiman . Atmospheric response to Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: the importance of ocean-atmosphere coupling and the background state . Journal of Climate , 2017 . 30 ( 12 ): 4 547 - 4 565 . DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0564.1 http://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0564.1 .

G Spreen , S Kern , D Stammer , E Hansen . Fram Strait sea ice volume export estimated between 2003 and 2008 from satellite data . Geophysical Research Letters , 2009 . 36 ( 19 ): L19502 DOI: 10.1029/2009GL039591 http://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039591 .

G Spreen , R Kwok , D Menemenlis . Trends in Arctic sea ice drift and role of wind forcing: 1992-2009 . Geophysical Research Letters , 2011 . 38 ( 19 ): L19501 .

J C Stroeve , T Markus , L Boisvert , J Miller , A Barrett . Changes in Arctic melt season and implications for sea ice loss . Geophysical Research Letters , 2014 . 41 ( 4 ): 1 216 - 1 225 . DOI: 10.1002/2013GL058951 http://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058951 .

J C Stroeve , M C Serreze , M M Holland , J E Kay , J Malanik , A P Barrett . The Arctic's rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: a research synthesis . Climatic Change , 2012 . 110 ( 3-4 ): 1 005 - 1 027 . DOI: 10.1007/s10584-011-0101-1 http://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0101-1 .

A M Swan , D G Long . Multiyear Arctic sea ice classification using QuikSCAT . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2012 . 50 ( 9 ): 3 317 - 3 326 . DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2012.2184123 http://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2012.2184123 .

Q H Tang , X J Zhang , X H Yang , J A Francis . Cold winter extremes in northern continents linked to Arctic sea ice loss . Environmental Research Letters , 2013 . 8 ( 1 ): 014036 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014036 http://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014036 .

C W Thackeray , A Hall . An emergent constraint on future Arctic sea-ice albedo feedback . Nature Climate Change , 2019 . 9 ( 12 ): 972 - 978 . DOI: 10.1038/s41558-019-0619-1 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0619-1 .

D N Thomas , G S Dieckmann . Antarctic sea ice-a habitat for extremophiles . Science , 2002 . 295 ( 5555 ): 641 - 644 . DOI: 10.1126/science.1063391 http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063391 .

D R Thomas . Arctic sea ice signatures for passive microwave algorithms . Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans , 1993 . 98 ( C6 ): 10 037 - 10 052 . DOI: 10.1029/93JC00140 http://doi.org/10.1029/93JC00140 .

R L Tilling , A Ridout , A Shepherd , D J Wingham . Increased Arctic sea ice volume after anomalously low melting in 2013 . Nature Geoscience , 2015 . 8 ( 8 ): 643 - 646 . DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2489 http://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2489 .

J M Toole , M L Timmermans , D K Perovich , R A Krishfield , A Proshutinsky , J A Richter-Menge . Influences of the ocean surface mixed layer and thermohaline stratification on Arctic Sea ice in the central Canada Basin . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 2010 . 115 ( C10 ): C10018 DOI: 10.1029/2009JC005660 http://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005660 .

Trepte Q, Minnis P, Arduini R F. 2003. Daytime and nighttime polar cloud and snow identification using MODIS data. In : Proceedings Volume 4891, Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds Ⅲ. Hangzhou, China: SPIE.

M A Tschudi , J C Stroeve , J S Stewart . Relating the age of Arctic sea ice to its thickness, as measured during NASA's ICESat and IceBridge campaigns . Remote Sensing , 2016 . 8 ( 6 ): 457 DOI: 10.3390/rs8060457 http://doi.org/10.3390/rs8060457 .

Tucker Ⅲ W B, Perovich D K, Gow A J, Weeks W F, Drinkwater M R. 1992. Physical properties of sea ice relevant to remote sensing. In : Carsey F D ed. Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice. Washington, AGU, 9-28.

W F Vincent . Microbial ecosystem responses to rapid climate change in the Arctic . The ISME Journal , 2010 . 4 ( 9 ): 1 087 - 1 090 . DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2010.108 http://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2010.108 .

J Wang , J L Zhang , E Watanabe , M Ikeda , K Mizobata , J E Walsh , X Z Bai , B Y Wu . Is the Dipole Anomaly a major driver to record lows in Arctic summer sea ice extent? . Geophysical Research Letters , 2009 . 36 ( 5 ): L05706 .

M Y Wang , J E Overland . A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years: an update from CMIP5 models . Geophysical Research Letters , 2012 . 39 ( 18 ): L18501 .

Y H Wang , H B Bi , H J Huang , Y X Liu , Y L Liu , X Liang , M Fu , Z H Zhang . Satellite-observed trends in the Arctic sea ice concentration for the period 1979-2016 . Journal of Oceanology and Limnology , 2019a . 37 ( 1 ): 18 - 37 . DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-7284-0 http://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-7284-0 http://www.jol343.com//EN/abstract/abstract657.shtml http://www.jol343.com//EN/abstract/abstract657.shtml , .

Y H Wang , X J Yuan , H B Bi , Y Liang , H J Huang , Z H Zhang , Y X Liu . The contributions of winter cloud anomalies in 2011 to the summer sea-ice rebound in 2012 in the Antarctic . Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres , 2019b . 124 ( 6 ): 3 435 - 3 447 . DOI: 10.1029/2018JD029435 http://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029435 .

S G Warren , I G Rigor , N Untersteiner , V F Radionov , N N Bryazgin , Y I Aleksandrov , R Colony . Snow depth on Arctic Sea Ice . Journal of Climate , 1999 . 12 ( 6 ): 1 814 - 1 829 . DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1814:SDOASI>2.0.CO;2 http://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1814:SDOASI>2.0.CO;2 .

E Watanabe , J Wang , A Sumi , H Hasumi . Arctic dipole anomaly and its contribution to sea ice export from the Arctic Ocean in the 20th century . Geophysical Research Letters , 2006 . 33 ( 23 ): L23703 DOI: 10.1029/2006GL028112 http://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028112 .

J F Wei , X D Zhang , Z M Wang . Impacts of extratropical storm tracks on Arctic sea ice export through Fram Strait . Climate Dynamics , 2019 . 52 ( 3-4 ): 2 235 - 2 246 . DOI: 10.1007/s00382-018-4254-8 http://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4254-8 .

H Wernli , L Papritz . Role of polar anticyclones and midlatitude cyclones for Arctic summertime sea-ice melting . Nature Geoscience , 2018 . 11 ( 2 ): 108 - 113 . DOI: 10.1038/s41561-017-0041-0 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-017-0041-0 .

B Y Wu , J Wang , J E Walsh . Dipole anomaly in the winter Arctic atmosphere and its association with sea ice motion . Journal of Climate , 2006 . 19 ( 2 ): 210 - 225 . .

Y F Ye , M Shokr , G Heygster , G Spreen . Improving multiyear sea ice concentration estimates with sea ice drift . Remote Sensing , 2016 . 8 ( 5 ): 397 DOI: 10.3390/rs8050397 http://doi.org/10.3390/rs8050397 .

P Yu , D A Clausi , S E Howell . Fusing AMSR-E and QuikSCAT imagery for improved sea ice recognition . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2009 . 47 ( 7 ): 1 980 - 1 989 . DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2009.2013632 http://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2013632 .

B Zamani , T Krumpen , L H Smedsrud , R Gerdes . Fram Strait sea ice export affected by thinning: comparing highresolution simulations and observations . Climate Dynamics , 2019 . 53 ( 5 ): 3 257 - 3 270 . .

J L Zhang , C Ashjian , R Campbell , V Hill , Y H Spitz , M Steele . The great 2012 Arctic Ocean summer cyclone enhanced biological productivity on the shelves . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 2013 . 119 ( 1 ): 297 - 312 . http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1002/2013JC009301 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1002/2013JC009301 , .

J L Zhang , R Lindsay , A Schweiger , I Rigor . Recent changes in the dynamic properties of declining Arctic sea ice: a model study . Geophysical Research Letters , 2012 . 39 ( 20 ): L20503 .

J L Zhang , R Lindsay , M Steele , A Schweiger . What drove the dramatic retreat of arctic sea ice during summer 2007? . Geophysical Research Letters , 2008a . 35 ( 11 ): L11505 DOI: 10.1029/2008GL034005 http://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034005 .

J L Zhang , M Steele , R Woodgate . The role of Pacific water in the dramatic retreat of arctic sea ice during summer 2007 . Chinese Journal of Polar Science , 2008b . 19 ( 2 ): 93 - 107 . http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=Open J-Gate000002437166 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=Open J-Gate000002437166 , .

Y Zhang , C S Chen , R C Beardsley , G P Gao , J H Qi , H C Lin . Seasonal and interannual variability of the Arctic sea ice: a comparison between AO-FVCOM and observations . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 2016 . 121 ( 11 ): 8 320 - 8 350 . DOI: 10.1002/2016JC011841 http://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011841 .

Z L Zhang , Y N Yu , X Q Li , F M Hui , X Cheng , Z Q Chen . Arctic Sea Ice classification using microwave scatterometer and radiometer data during 2002-2017 . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2019 . 57 ( 8 ): 5 319 - 5 328 . DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2019.2898872 http://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2019.2898872 .

L H Zhong , L J Hua , D H Luo . Local and external moisture sources for the Arctic warming over the BarentsKara Seas . Journal of Climate , 2018 . 31 ( 5 ): 1 963 - 1 982 . DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0203.1 http://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0203.1 .

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

Effect of compressive strength on the performance of the NEMO-LIM model in Arctic Sea ice simulation

Satellite-observed trends in the Arctic sea ice concentration for the period 1979-2016

Using genetic algorithms to calibrate a dimethylsulfide production model in the Arctic ocean

Spike in phytoplankton biomass in Greenland Sea during 2009 and the correlations among chlorophyll-a, aerosol optical depth and ice cover

含缺陷轮盘失效概率分析流程与数值模拟