Nepheloid layer generation by gas eruption: unexpected experimental results

Chaoqi ZHU; Sanzhong LI; Jiangxin CHEN; Dawei WANG; Xiaoshuai SONG; Zhenghui LI; Bo CHEN; Hongxian SHAN; Yonggang JIA

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Nepheloid layer generation by gas eruption: unexpected experimental results

Sedimentary processes and resource potential in the South China Sea | Updated：2024-10-12

- Nepheloid layer generation by gas eruption: unexpected experimental results
- Nepheloid layer generation by gas eruption: unexpected experimental results
- 海洋湖沼学报(英文) 2023年41卷第2期页码：769-777
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, Ministry of Education (MOE), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  2.Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
  3.Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  4.Hainan Key Laboratory of Marine Geological Resources and Environment, Haikou 570206, China
  5.Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
  6.Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266061, China
  7.Laboratory of Marine Geophysics and Georeource, Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
- Author bio：
  
  jiangxin_chen@sina.com
  yonggang@ouc.edu.cn
- Funds：
  
  the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42207173;41831280);the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2022QD002);the Shandong Provincial and Qingdao Postdoctoral Foundation(SDCX-ZG-202203089);the Hainan Research Institute of China Engineering Science and Technology Development Strategy(21-HN-ZD-02);the Hainan Key Laboratory of Marine Geological Resources and Environment(HNHYDZZYHJKF008);the Key Research and Development Program of Hainan Province(ZDYF2020209);Dr. Jiangxin CHEN is funded by the Shandong Province “Taishan Scholar” Construction Project. Dr. Chaoqi ZHU is funded by the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST
- DOI：
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2022-03-09，
  
  纸质出版：2023-03-01
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Nepheloid layer generation by gas eruption: unexpected experimental results[J]. 海洋湖沼学报(英文), 2023,41(2):769-777.

ZHU Chaoqi,LI Sanzhong,CHEN Jiangxin,et al.Nepheloid layer generation by gas eruption: unexpected experimental results[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2023,41(02):769-777.
Nepheloid layer generation by gas eruption: unexpected experimental results[J]. 海洋湖沼学报(英文), 2023,41(2):769-777. DOI：

ZHU Chaoqi,LI Sanzhong,CHEN Jiangxin,et al.Nepheloid layer generation by gas eruption: unexpected experimental results[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2023,41(02):769-777. DOI：

摘要

Abstract

Knowledge of nepheloid layers is important to improve the understanding of physical

geological

and sedimentary processes from continental shelf to abyssal environments. We had not tried to study the nepheloid layers in a hydrate-associated tank until unexpected results occurred. Tank experimental results show that gas eruptions triggered intermediate nepheloid layers. Thus

we proposed a new mechanism of intermediate nepheloid layer generation by eruptions. The intermediate nepheloid layers were generated in uniform-density fluid

which indicated that stratified fluid is not a necessary condition for intermediate nepheloid layers. Sufficient space for advection and an oblique slope for detachment are the key ingredients for intermediate nepheloid layer generation by eruptions. Our experiments also offer a new experimental evidence for bottom nepheloid layer generation by earthquakes. Given the scale effects of laboratory experiment

it is important to determine whether submarine volcanic eruption or hydrate-associated venting causes intermediate nepheloid layer in the nature.

关键词

Keywords

references

Andreassen K , Hubbard A , Winsborrow M et al . 2017 . Massive blow-out craters formed by hydrate-controlled methane expulsion from the Arctic seafloor . Science , 356 ( 6341 ): 948 - 952 , https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4500 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4500 .

Arjona-Camas M , Puig P , Palanques A et al . 2019 . Evidence of trawling-induced resuspension events in the generation of nepheloid layers in the Foix submarine canyon (NW Mediterranean) . Journal of Marine Systems , 196 : 86 - 96 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.05.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.05.003 .

Arthur R S , Fringer O B . 2016 . Transport by breaking internal gravity waves on slopes . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 789 : 93 - 126 , https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.723 https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.723 .

Ben-Avraham Z , Smith G , Reshef M et al . 2002 . Gas hydrate and mud volcanoes on the southwest African continental margin off South Africa . Geology , 30 ( 10 ): 927 - 930 , https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0927:GHAMVO>2.0.CO;2. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0927:GHAMVO>2.0.CO;2.

Berndt C , Feseker T , Treude T et al . 2014 . Temporal constraints on hydrate-controlled methane seepage off svalbard . Science , 343 ( 6168 ): 284 - 287 , https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246298 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246298 .

Biscaye P E , Eittreim S L . 1977 . Suspended particulate loads and transports in the nepheloid layer of the abyssal Atlantic Ocean . Marine Geology , 23 ( 1-2 ): 155 - 172 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(77)90087-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(77)90087-1 .

Boegman L , Stastna M . 2019 . Sediment resuspension and transport by internal solitary waves . Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics , 51 : 129 - 154 , https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-122316-045049 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-122316-045049 .

Bogucki D J , Redekopp L G . 1999 . A mechanism for sediment resuspension by internal solitary waves . Geophysical Research Letters , 26 ( 9 ): 1317 - 1320 , https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900234 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900234 .

Bogucki D J , Redekopp L G , Barth J . 2005 . Internal solitary waves in the Coastal Mixing and Optics 1996 experiment: multimodal structure and resuspension . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 110 ( C2 ): C02024 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002253 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002253 .

Bourgault D , Morsilli M , Richards C et al . 2014 . Sediment resuspension and nepheloid layers induced by long internal solitary waves shoaling orthogonally on uniform slopes . Continental Shelf Research , 72 : 21 - 33 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.10.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.10.019 .

Brothers L L , Van Dover C L , German C R et al . 2013 . Evidence for extensive methane venting on the southeastern U.S. Atlantic margin . Geology , 41 ( 7 ): 807 - 810 , https://doi.org/10.1130/G34217.1 https://doi.org/10.1130/G34217.1 .

Browand F K , Guyomar D , Yoon S C . 1987 . The behavior of a turbulent front in a stratified fluid: experiments with an oscillating grid . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 92 ( C5 ): 5329 - 5341 , https://doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC05p05329 https://doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC05p05329 .

Bünz S , Polyanov S , Vadakkepuliyambatta S et al . 2012 . Active gas venting through hydrate-bearing sediments on the Vestnesa Ridge, offshore W-Svalbard . Marine Geology , 332 - 334 : 189 - 197 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2012.09.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2012.09.012 .

Chen Y L , Ding J S , Zhang H Q et al . 2019 . Multibeam water column data research in the Taixinan Basin: implications for the potential occurrence of natural gas hydrate . Acta Oceanologica Sinica , 38 ( 5 ): 129 - 133 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-019-1444-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-019-1444-0 .

Cheriton O M , McPhee-Shaw E E , Shaw W J et al . 2014 . Suspended particulate layers and internal waves over the southern Monterey Bay continental shelf: an important control on shelf mud belts? Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 119 ( 1 ): 428 - 444 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009360 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009360 .

Cole D , Stewart S A , Cartwright J A . 2000 . Giant irregular pockmark craters in the Palaeogene of the Outer Moray Firth Basin, UK North Sea . Marine and Petroleum Geology , 17 ( 5 ): 563 - 577 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(00)00013-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(00)00013-1 .

de Madron X D , Ramondenc S , Berline L et al . 2017 . Deep sediment resuspension and thick nepheloid layer generation by open-ocean convection . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 122 ( 3 ): 2291 - 2318 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012062 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012062 .

Decker R , Decker B . 2005 . Volcanoes . W. H. Freeman and Company, New York .

Fitzsimmons J N , John S G , Marsay C M et al . 2017 . Iron persistence in a distal hydrothermal plume supported by dissolved-particulate exchange . Nature Geoscience , 10 ( 3 ): 195 - 201 , https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2900 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2900 .

Gardner W D . 1989 . Baltimore Canyon as a modern conduit of sediment to the deep sea. Deep Sea Research Part A . Oceanographic Research Papers , 36 ( 3 ): 323 - 358 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90041-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90041-1 .

Gardner W D , Richardson M J , Mishonov A V . 2018 . Global assessment of benthic nepheloid layers and linkage with upper ocean dynamics . Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 482 : 126 - 134 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.11.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.11.008 .

Gardner W D , Tucholke B E , Richardson M J et al . 2017 . Benthic storms, nepheloid layers, and linkage with upper ocean dynamics in the western North Atlantic . Marine Geology , 385 : 304 - 327 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2016.12.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2016.12.012 .

Gay A , Cavailhès T , Grauls D et al . 2017 . Repeated fluid expulsions during events of rapid sea-level rise in the Gulf of Lion, western Mediterranean Sea . BSGF-Earth Sciences Bulletin , 188 ( 4 ): 24 , https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017190 https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017190 .

Geng M H , Song H B , Guan Y X et al . 2018 . Research on the distribution and characteristics of the nepheloid layers in the northern South China Sea by use of seismic oceanography method . Chinese Journal of Geophysics , 61 ( 2 ): 636 - 648 , https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg2018L0662. https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg2018L0662. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Global Volcanism Program , 2009 . Report on hunga Tonga-hunga Ha'apai (Tonga) . In: Venzke E A, Wunderman R eds. Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network . Smithsonian Institution, https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN200903-243040 https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN200903-243040 .

Global Volcanism Program . 2022 . Report on hunga Tonga-Hunga ha'apai (Tonga) . In: Bennis K L, Venzke E eds. Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network . Smithsonian Institution. https://do 10.5479/si.gvp.bgvn202203-243040 http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.gvp.bgvn202203-243040

Graue K . 2000 . Mud volcanoes in deepwater Nigeria . Marine and Petroleum Geology , 17 ( 8 ): 959 - 974 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(00)00016-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(00)00016-7 .

Helfrich K R . 1992 . Internal solitary wave breaking and run-up on a uniform slope . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 243 : 133 - 154 , https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112092002660 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112092002660 .

Holmes R , Alexande S , Ball K et al . 1998 . The Issues Surrounding a Shallow Gas Database in Relation to Offshore Hazards . Health and Safety Executive, Sheffield .

Inthorn M , Mohrholz V , Zabel M . 2006 . Nepheloid layer distribution in the Benguela upwelling area offshore Namibia . Deep Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers , 53 ( 8 ): 1423 - 1438 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2006.06.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2006.06.004 .

Jia Y G , Zhu C Q , Liu L P et al . 2016 . Marine geohazards: review and future perspective . Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) , 90 ( 4 ): 1455 - 1470 , https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12779 https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12779 .

Judd A . 2005 . Gas emissions from mud volcanoes: significance to global climate change . In: Martinelli G, Panahi B eds. Mud Volcanoes , Geodynamics and Seismicity. Springer, Dordrecht . p. 147 - 157 , https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3204-8_13 https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3204-8_13

Klingaman W K , Klingaman N P . 2013 . The Year Without Summer: 1816 and the Volcano that Darkened the World and Changed History. St . Martin's Press, New York . https://do 10.5860/choice.50-6901 http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.50-6901

Lammers S , Suess E , Hovland M . 1995 . A large methane plume east of Bear Island (Barents Sea): implications for the marine methane cycle . Geologische Rundschau , 84 ( 1 ): 59 - 66 , https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00192242 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00192242 .

Lorenzoni L , Thunell R C , Benitez-Nelson C R et al . 2009 . The importance of subsurface nepheloid layers in transport and delivery of sediments to the eastern Cariaco Basin, Venezuela . Deep Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers , 56 ( 12 ): 2249 - 2262 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.08.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.08.001 .

Luterbacher J , Pfister C . 2015 . The year without a summer . Nature Geoscience , 8 ( 4 ): 246 - 248 , https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2404 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2404 .

Manga M , Brodsky E . 2006 . Seismic triggering of eruptions in the far field: volcanoes and geysers . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences , 34 : 263 - 291 , https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125125 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125125 .

Manneela S , Kumar S . 2022 . Overview of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'Apai volcanic eruption and tsunami . Journal of the Geological Society of India , 98 ( 3 ): 299 - 304 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-1980-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-1980-7 .

Masunaga E , Arthur R S , Fringer O B et al . 2017 . Sediment resuspension and the generation of intermediate nepheloid layers by shoaling internal bores . Journal of Marine Systems , 170 : 31 - 41 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.01.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.01.017 .

Mazurenko L L , Soloviev V A , Gardner J M et al . 2003 . Gas hydrates in the Ginsburg and Yuma mud volcano sediments (Moroccan Margin): results of chemical and isotopic studies of pore water . Marine Geology , 195 ( 1-4 ): 201 - 210 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00688-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00688-6 .

Mazzini A , Svensen H , Akhmanov G G et al . 2007 . Triggering and dynamic evolution of the LUSI mud volcano, Indonesia . Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 261 ( 3-4 ): 375 - 388 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.001 .

McCave I N . 1986 . Local and global aspects of the bottom nepheloid layers in the world ocean . Netherlands Journal of Sea Research , 20 ( 2-3 ): 167 - 181 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(86)90040-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(86)90040-2 .

McCave I N . 2019 . Nepheloid layers . In: Cochran J K, Bokuniewicz H J, Yager P L eds. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences . 3 rd ed n. Academic Press, Amsterdam. p. 170 - 183 , https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11207-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11207-2

McPhee-Shaw E E , Kunze E . 2002 . Boundary layer intrusions from a sloping bottom: a mechanism for generating intermediate nepheloid layers . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 107 ( C6 ): 3050 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000801 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000801 .

McPhee-Shaw E E , Sternberg R W , Mullenbach B et al . 2004 . Observations of intermediate nepheloid layers on the northern California continental margin . Continental Shelf Research , 24 ( 6 ): 693 - 720 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.01.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.01.004 .

Milkov A V . 2000 . Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volcanoes and associated gas hydrates . Marine Geology , 167 ( 1-2 ): 29 - 42 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00022-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00022-0 .

Nixon F C , Chand S , Thorsnes T et al . 2019 . A modified gas hydrate-geomorphological model for a new discovery of enigmatic craters and seabed mounds in the Central Barents Sea, Norway . Geo-Marine Letters , 39 ( 3 ): 191 - 203 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-019-00567-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-019-00567-1 .

Pak H , Zaneveld J R V , Kitchen J . 1980 . Intermediate nepheloid layers observed off Oregon and Washington . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 85 ( C11 ): 6697 - 6708 , https://doi.org/10.1029/JC085iC11p06697 https://doi.org/10.1029/JC085iC11p06697 .

Palanques A , Puig P . 2018 . Particle fluxes induced by benthic storms during the 2012 dense shelf water cascading and open sea convection period in the northwestern Mediterranean basin . Marine Geology , 406 : 119 - 131 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2018.09.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2018.09.010 .

Prior D B , Doyle E H , Kaluza M J . 1989 . Evidence for sediment eruption on deep sea floor, Gulf of Mexico . Science , 243 ( 4890 ): 517 - 519 , https://doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4890.517 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4890.517 .

Puig P , Greenan B J W , Li M Z et al . 2013 . Sediment transport processes at the head of Halibut Canyon, eastern Canada margin: an interplay between internal tides and dense shelf-water cascading . Marine Geology , 341 : 14 - 28 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.004 .

Puig P , Palanques A , Guillén J et al . 2004 . Role of internal waves in the generation of nepheloid layers on the northwestern Alboran slope: implications for continental margin shaping . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 109 ( C9 ): C09011 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002394 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002394 .

Resing J A , Sedwick P N , German C R et al . 2015 . Basin-scale transport of hydrothermal dissolved metals across the South Pacific Ocean . Nature , 523 ( 7559 ): 200 - 203 , https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14577 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14577 .

Riboulot V , Ker S , Sultan N et al . 2018 . Freshwater lake to salt-water sea causing widespread hydrate dissociation in the Black Sea . Nature Communications , 9 ( 1 ): 117 , https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02271-z https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02271-z .

Schmidt M , Hensen C , Mörz T et al . 2005 . Methane hydrate accumulation in "Mound 11" mud volcano, Costa Rica forearc . Marine Geology , 216 ( 1-2 ): 83 - 100 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.01.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.01.001 .

Skarke A , Ruppel C , Kodis M et al . 2014 . Widespread methane leakage from the sea floor on the northern US Atlantic margin . Nature Geoscience , 7 ( 9 ): 657 - 661 , https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2232 https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2232 .

Solheim A , Elverhøi A . 1993 . Gas-related sea floor craters in the Barents Sea . Geo-Marine Letters , 13 ( 4 ): 235 - 243 , https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01207753 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01207753 .

Thorpe S A , White M . 1988 . A deep intermediate nepheloid layer. Deep Sea Research Part A . Oceanographic Research Papers , 35 ( 9 ): 1665 - 1671 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90109-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90109-4 .

Thunell R , Tappa E , Varela R et al . 1999 . Increased marine sediment suspension and fluxes following an earthquake . Nature , 398 ( 6724 ): 233 - 236 , https://doi.org/10.1038/18430 https://doi.org/10.1038/18430 .

Tian Z C , Zhang S T , Guo X J et al . 2019 . Experimental investigation of sediment dynamics in response to breaking high-frequency internal solitary wave packets over a steep slope . Journal of Marine Systems , 199 : 103191 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103191 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103191 .

van Haren H , Hosegood P J . 2017 . A downslope propagating thermal front over the continental slope . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 122 ( 4 ): 3191 - 3199 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012797 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012797 .

van Weering T C E , De Stigter H C , Balzer W et al . 2001 . Benthic dynamics and carbon fluxes on the NW European continental margin . Deep Sea Research Part II : Topical Studies in Oceanography , 48 ( 14-15 ): 3191 - 3221 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00037-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00037-6 .

Vsemirnova E A , Hobbs R W , Hosegood P . 2012 . Mapping turbidity layers using seismic oceanography methods . Ocean Science , 8 ( 1 ): 11 - 18 , https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-11-2012 https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-11-2012 .

Walter T R , Wang R , Acocella V et al . 2009 . Simultaneous magma and gas eruptions at three volcanoes in southern Italy: an earthquake trigger? Geology , 37 ( 3 ): 251 - 254 , https://doi.org/10.1130/G25396A https://doi.org/10.1130/G25396A .

Westbrook G K , Thatcher K E , Rohling E J et al . 2009 . Escape of methane gas from the seabed along the West Spitsbergen continental margin . Geophysical Research Letters , 36 ( 15 ): L15608 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039191 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039191 .

Wilson A M . 2016 . Lateral Transport of Suspended Particulate Matter in Nepheloid Layers Along the Irish Continental Margin-a Case Study of the Whittard Canyon, North-East Atlantic Ocean . National University of Ireland, Galway . https://do 10.1016/j.margeo.2015.06.002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.06.002

Yan X , Sun H Y , Chen Z X et al . 2020 . Physical experimental study on the formation mechanism of pockmark by aeration . Marine Georesources & Geotechnology , 38 ( 3 ): 322 - 331 , https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2019.1571539 https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2019.1571539 .

Zhu C Q , Cheng S , Zhang M S et al . 2019 . Results from multibeam survey of the gas hydrate reservoir in the Zhujiang submarine canyons . Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) , 93 ( S2 ): 135 - 138 , https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14223 https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14223 .

Zhu C Q , Jiao X R , Cheng S et al . 2020 . Visualising fluid migration due to hydrate dissociation: implications for submarine slides . Environmental Geotechnics , https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.19.00068 https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.19.00068 .

Zhu C Q , Li Z H , Chen D X et al . 2021 . Seafloor breathing helping forecast hydrate-related geohazards . Energy Reports , 7 : 8108 - 8114 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.187 .

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

Gas hydrate accumulation associated with fluid escape structure in the western margin of South China Sea

Data processing of the Kuiyang-ST2000 deep-towed high-resolution multichannel seismic system and application to South China Sea data

Hydrate sealing of overpressured gas: delaying methane leakage

Estimation of potential distribution of gas hydrate in the northern South China Sea

导流锥结构参数对燃气弹射筒内压力冲击平滑效果影响研究