‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China

Qiugui WANG; Enzong XIAO; Penggao FANG; Qiangqiang ZHONG; Jinli CUI; Tangfu XIAO; Siyi HU

doi:10.1007/s00343-026-5446-4

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‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China

Updated：2026-09-17

- ‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China
- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology Pages: 1-17(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  2.Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan 316000, China
  3.Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
  4.School of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Author bio：
  
  tfxiao@gzhu.edu.cn
  syhu@hainanu.edu.cn
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s00343-026-5446-4
  CLC：
- Received：12 November 2025，
  
  Online First：17 September 2026，
- Accepted：
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WANG Qiugui,XIAO Enzong,FANG Penggao,et al.‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,
DOI：

WANG Qiugui,XIAO Enzong,FANG Penggao,et al.‎Spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk of potentially toxic elements in granite-derived surface soils and river sediments of an agricultural watershed, Eastern China[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, DOI：.

摘要

Abstract

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils and river sediments pose major ecological risks. However

their distribution

sources

and geochemical behavior in subtropical granite derived watersheds remain insufficiently constrained. In this study

15 surface soil and 12 river sediment samples were collected from a granitic watershed in Zhejiang Province

China

to investigate the spatial distribution

provenance

and ecological risks of seven PTEs (arsenic (As)

cadmium (Cd)

chromium (Cr)

copper (Cu)

nickel (Ni)

lead (Pb)

and zinc (Zn)). The resulted show that PTE concentrations vary widely

in the range of 1.4–38.4 mg/kg for As

0.05–1.32 mg/kg for Cd

4.0–94.0 mg/kg for Cr

2.5–37.0 mg/kg for Cu

2.0–27.5 mg/kg for Ni

21.5–108 mg/kg for Pb

and 56–202 mg/kg for Zn. Cr

and Ni exhibit decreasing concentrations from upstream to downstream

reflecting dominant lithogenic control by granite weathering

whereas Cd

and Zn show enrichment in midstream and downstream areas due to anthropogenic inputs. On average

river sediment Cd concentrations are 2.5 times higher than those in soils. Risk assessment indicates that several PTEs exceed regional background values

but Cd exhibits the strongest enrichment

with enrichment factor (EF) values up to 12.1. Ecological risk assessment based on an adjusted potential ecological risk index (RI) indicates that the watershed is generally characterized by low to moderate ecological risk. However

Cd contributes disproportionately to total ecological risk

accounting for 42.2%–82.5% (mean 73.8%) of the RI values

and midstream sediments represent clear risk hotspots. Multivariate statistical analyses distinguish lithogenic PTEs (Cr

Ti) with low mobility and residual enrichment from anthropogenic PTEs (Cd

Zn) exhibiting strong particle-associated transport and cumulative downstream accumulation. These results demonstrate that soil-sediment transfer amplifies Cd-dominated ecological risks in granite-derived agricultural watersheds and highlight the need for targeted agricultural management strategies.

关键词

Keywords

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