Metabolomics analysis of the mechanism underlying male caste differentiation in the giant freshwater prawn <italic style="font-style: italic">Macrobrachium rosenbergii</italic>

Ziqi ZHOU; Guanghua HUANG; Miuying CAI; Shunkai YIN; Bobo LI; Xuefang LANG; Jiongying YU; Qiongying TANG; Quanxin GAO; Shaokui YI

doi:10.1007/s00343-026-5386-z

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Metabolomics analysis of the mechanism underlying male caste differentiation in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Updated：2026-09-28

- Metabolomics analysis of the mechanism underlying male caste differentiation in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii
- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology Pages: 1-18(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.College of Life Science, Huzhou Normal University, Huzhou 313000, China
  2.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning 530021, China
  3.Jiangsu Shufeng Prawn Breeding Co., Ltd., Gaoyou 225654, China
  4.Zhejiang Guoliang Giant Prawn Genetic Breedig Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313000, China
  5.Extension and Service Center for Agricultural Technology of Wuxing District, Huzhou 313099, China
- Author bio：
  
  gaoqx2008@163.com
  yishaokui@foxmail.com
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s00343-026-5386-z
  CLC：
- Received：04 October 2025，
  
  Online First：28 September 2026，
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
ZHOU Ziqi,HUANG Guanghua,CAI Miuying,et al.Metabolomics analysis of the mechanism underlying male caste differentiation in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,
DOI：

ZHOU Ziqi,HUANG Guanghua,CAI Miuying,et al.Metabolomics analysis of the mechanism underlying male caste differentiation in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, DOI：10.1007/s00343-026-5386-z.

摘要

Abstract

The giant freshwater prawn (

Macrobrachium

rosenbergii

) is a globally important species in aquaculture

prized for it

s delicious

tender meat and favored by consumers. Research has revealed a distinct hierarchical differentiation phenomenon among male

rosenbergii

classifying them into three morphotypes: blue claw (BC)

orange claw (OC)

and small male (SM). This differentiation has become a key factor constraining industry development. This study collected serum samples from male prawns during critical stages of this differentiation (at 100-

110-

and 120-d-old). Utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with untargeted metabolomics analysis

differential metabolites were identified through principal component analysis and database comparison. Results show that differential metabolites such as caffeoylcholine

glucosamine

and phosphate were significantly enriched in amino acid metabolism

ABC transporter

and nucleotide metabolism pathways

indicating that these metabolites and pathways may be involved in regulating the hierarchical differentiation of male

rosenbergii

. Further integration of 16S rDNA sequencing

transcriptome sequencing

and phenotypic data enabled the construction of an “Intestinal Microbiota- Phenotypic Traits-Metabolites” correlation model. The study found significant associations between intestinal bacteria (

Lactococcus

spp.

Achromobacter

spp.)

the host trypsin gene

and various differential metabolites. This suggests that these host genes and intestinal microbiota play important roles in the phenotypic differentiation and nutrient metabolism processes of

rosenbergii

. This research aims to elucidate the metabolic mechanisms underlying phenotypic differentiation in male

rosenbergii

through metabolomics approaches. By integrating 16S rDNA and transcriptome sequencing

it clarifies the regulatory roles of key metabolites

gut microbiota

and host genes in this process

providing an important

theoretical basis for the selective breeding and efficient aquaculture of

rosenbergii

关键词

Keywords

references

Ali B , Sharma N , Gautam R K et al . 2025 . Effects of pyrimidine on cellular and neuronal arrangement, oxidative stress and energy content in the brain of the freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis . Fish Physiology and Biochemistry , 51 ( 2 ): 65 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-025-01481-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-025-01481-3 .

Aziz D , Rahi M L , Hurwood D A et al . 2018 . Analysis of candidate gene expression patterns of adult male Macrobrachium rosenbergii morphotypes in response to a social dominance hierarchy . Hydrobiologia , 825 ( 1 ): 121 - 136 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3721-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3721-x .

Banu M R , Siraj S S , Christianus A et al . 2015 . Genetic variation among different morphotypes of the male freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) . Aquaculture Reports , 1 : 15 - 19 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2015.02.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2015.02.001 .

Bilsing F L , Anlauf M T , Hachani E et al . 2023 . ABC transporters in bacterial nanomachineries . International Journal of Molecular Sciences , 24 ( 7 ): 6227 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076227 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076227 .

Chen Y K , Mitra A , Rahimnejad S et al . 2024 . Retrospect of fish meal substitution in Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) feed: Alternatives, limitations and future prospects . Reviews in Aquaculture , 16 ( 1 ): 382 - 409 , https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12843 https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12843 .

Dhillon S S , Torell F , Donten M et al . 2019 . Metabolic profiling of zebrafish embryo development from blastula period to early larval stages . PLoS One , 14 ( 5 ): e 0213661 , https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213661 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213661 .

Dong R Y , Wu Y R , Du Q et al . 2024 . Changes in the physicochemical characteristics and microbial community compositions of the abdomen and cheliped muscles in swimming crab ( Portunus trituberculatus ) during frozen storage. Food Chemistry : X , 21 : 101210 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101210 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101210 .

Dong Z C , Chen Y . 2013 . Transcriptomics: Advances and approaches . Science China Life Sciences , 56 ( 10 ): 960 - 967 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-013-4557-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-013-4557-2 .

Feng J C , Liu S S , Zhu C J et al . 2022 . The effects of dietary Lactococcus spp. on growth performance, glucose absorption and metabolism of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquaculture , 546 : 737394 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737394 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737394 .

Frías-Gómez S A , Hernández L H H , Powell M S et al . 2023 . Effect of dietary protein, lipid and carbohydrate ratio on growth, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activity of prawn Macrobrachium acanthurus postlarvae. Aquaculture Reports , 30 : 101578 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101578 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101578 .

Gao Q X , Huang H , Liu P M et al . 2024 . Integration of gut microbiota with transcriptomic and Metabolomic profiling reveals growth differences in male giant river prawns ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) . Animals , 14 ( 17 ): 2539 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172539 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172539 .

Guijas C , Montenegro-Burke J R , Warth B et al . 2018 . Metabolomics activity screening for identifying metabolites that modulate phenotype . Nature Biotechnology , 36 ( 4 ): 316 - 320 , https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4101 https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4101 .

Guo X F , Zhou Y L , Liu M et al . 2022 . Integrated application of Iso-seq and RNA-seq provides insights into unsynchronized growth in red swamp crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ). Aquaculture Reports , 22 : 101008 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101008 .

Hooper C , Debnath P P , Stentiford G D et al . 2023 . Diseases of the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii : A review for a growing industry . Reviews in Aquaculture , 15 ( 2 ): 738 - 758 , https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12754 https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12754 .

Hou J L , Xiang J G , Li D L et al . 2022 . Gut microbial response to host metabolic phenotypes. Frontiers in Nutrition , 9 : 1019430 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1019430 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1019430 .

Huang H , Cheng Z H , Wang Y B et al . 2025 . Multi-omics dataset of individual variations in growth performance of large yellow croaker . Scientific Data , 12 ( 1 ): 90 , https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04429-7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04429-7 .

Huang Y , Xu J M , Sheng Z Y et al . 2022 . Effects of dietary phospholipids on growth performance, fatty acid composition, and expression of lipid metabolism related genes of juvenile hybrid grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀× E . lancolatus ♂ ). Aquaculture Reports , 22 : 100993 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100993 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100993 .

Karplus I , Barki A . 2019 . Male morphotypes and alternative mating tactics in freshwater prawns of the genus Macrobrachium : a review . Reviews in Aquaculture , 11 ( 3 ): 925 - 940 , https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12273 https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12273 .

Kiessling P , Kuppe C . 2024 . Spatial multi-omics: novel tools to study the complexity of cardiovascular diseases . Genome Medicine , 16 ( 1 ): 14 , https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-024-01282-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-024-01282-y .

Lan X , Peng X , Du T T et al . 2023 . Alterations of the gut microbiota and metabolomics associated with the different growth performances of Macrobrachium rosenbergii families . Animals , 13 ( 9 ): 1539 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091539 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091539 .

Lei Y , Sun Y F , Wang X D et al . 2021 . Effect of dietary phosphorus on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant activities and lipid metabolism of juvenile Chinese mitten crab ( Eriocheir sinensis ). Aquaculture , 531 : 735856 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735856 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735856 .

Li Y , Leng W J , Xue J N et al . 2023 . A multi-omics-based investigation into the flavor formation mechanisms during the fermentation of traditional Chinese shrimp paste. Food Research International , 166 : 112585 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112585 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112585 .

Liang D H , Hu Y Y , Liang D M et al . 2021 . Bioaugmentation of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) with Achromobacter JL9 for enhanced sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation in aquaculture wastewater. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 207 : 111258 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111258 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111258 .

Liu P M , Zhao X X , Tang Q Y et al . 2024 . Transcriptome analysis of the gonad reveals growth differences between large, medium and small individuals in a pure family of Macrobrachium rosenbergii . Aquaculture , 586 : 740739 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.740739 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.740739 .

Liu Q , Zou X , Zhao M et al . 2025 . Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis of liver reveals unsynchronized growth mechanisms in blunt-snout bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala ) . BMC Genomics , 26 ( 1 ): 30 , https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-025-11208-6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-025-11208-6 .

Lu J H , Quan J Q , Zhou J et al . 2024 . Combined transcriptomics and metabolomics to reveal the effects of copper exposure on the liver of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 284 : 116996 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116996 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116996 .

Pillai B R , Mahapatra K D , Ponzoni R W et al . 2015 . Survival, male morphotypes, female and male proportion, female reproductive status and tag loss in crosses among three populations of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) in India . Aquaculture Research , 46 ( 11 ): 2644 - 2655 , https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12419 https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12419 .

Qiu Z S , Xu Q Y , Li S H et al . 2023 . Effects of probiotics on the water quality, growth performance, immunity, digestion, and intestinal flora of giant freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) in the Biofloc culture system . Water , 15 ( 6 ): 1211 , https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061211 https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061211 .

Rajab S A S , Andersen L K , Kenter L W et al . 2024 . Combinatorial metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of muscle growth in hybrid striped bass (female white bass Morone chrysops x male striped bass M . saxatilis ) . BMC Genomics , 25 ( 1 ): 580 , https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-024-10325-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-024-10325-y .

Ren X Y , Jia S T , Gao B Q et al . 2022 . Application of proteomics and metabolomics to assess ammonia stress response and tolerance mechanisms of juvenile ornate rock lobster Panulirus ornatus . Science of the Total Environment , 837 : 155751 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155751 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155751 .

Shao C , Su Y , Meng D Y et al . 2023 . Comprehensive metabolomic profiling of nutrients in fish and shrimp. Food Chemistry , 407 : 135037 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135037 .

Su Q Y , Wei J , Wang Y K et al . 2025 . Role of myostatin promoter mutations in growth and molting regulation of Macrobrachium rosenbergii . Frontiers in Marine Science , 12 : 1565567 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1565567 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1565567 .

Sun Z Z , Lin P , Mai H B et al . 2025 . Metabolomics profiles revealed potential biomarkers of Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) under cold and low salinity stress. Aquaculture Reports , 40 : 102633 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102633 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102633 .

Ter Beek J , Guskov A , Slotboom D J . 2014 . Structural diversity of ABC transporters . Journal of General Physiology , 143 ( 4 ): 419 - 435 , https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201411164 https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201411164 .

Theodoulou F L , Kerr I D 2015 . ABC transporter research: going strong 40 years on . Biochemical Society Transactions , 43 ( 5 ): 1033 - 1040 , https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20150139 https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20150139 .

Tuohy K M , Gougoulias C , Shen Q et al . 2009 . Studying the human gut microbiota in the trans-omics era-focus on metagenomics and Metabonomics . Current Pharmaceutical Design , 15 ( 13 ): 1415 - 1427 , https://doi.org/10.2174/138161209788168182 https://doi.org/10.2174/138161209788168182 .

Wang L , Wang L R , Liu C et al . 2024 . Multi-omics reveals the molecular mechanism of muscle quality changes in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) under two aquaculture systems. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D : Genomics and Proteomics , 52 : 101290 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101290 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101290 .

Wang Q C , Xu Z , Ai Q H . 2021 . Arginine metabolism and its functions in growth, nutrient utilization, and immunonutrition of fish . Animal Nutrition , 7 ( 3 ): 716 - 727 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.03.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.03.006 .

Wang Y , Geng Y R , Shi X Y et al . 2022 . Effects of dietary phosphorus levels on growth performance, phosphorus utilization and intestinal calcium and phosphorus transport-related genes expression of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtle ( Pelodiscus sinensis ) . Animals , 12 ( 22 ): 3101 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223101 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223101 .

Wang Z R , Li S Y , Zhang Y Z et al . 2023 . Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling reveals the effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance in loach ( Paramisgurnus dabryanus ). Frontiers in Immunology , 14 : 1236812 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236812 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236812 .

Willis J R , Jeffs A , Hickey A J R et al . 2022 . Adenosine modulates heart rate and tissue glycogen of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879). Aquaculture Reports , 27 : 101359 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.10135 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.10135 .

Wu S G , Pan M J , Zan Z Y et al . 2024a . Regulation of lipid metabolism by gut microbiota in aquatic animals . Reviews in Aquaculture , 16 ( 1 ): 34 - 46 , https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12819 https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12819 .

Wu T M , Wang K T , Wu W M et al . 2024b . Metabolomic assessment of African snail ( Achatina fulica ) meal on growth performance of giant river prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D : Genomics and Proteomics , 49 : 101185 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101185 .

Xie S W , Tian L X , Li Y M et al . 2015 . Effect of proline supplementation on anti-oxidative capacity, immune response and stress tolerance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei . Aquaculture , 448 : 105 - 111 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.05.040 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.05.040 .

Xu H J , Chen Y L , Wang Y M et al . 2022 . Full functional sex reversal achieved through silencing of MroDmrt11E gene in Macrobrachium rosenbergii : Production of all-male monosex freshwater prawn. Frontiers in Endocrinology , 12 : 772498 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.772498 https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.772498 .

Xue H B , Wu X J , Li Z H et al . 2021 . Correlation and causation between the intestinal microbiome and male morphotypes in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii . Aquaculture , 531 : 735936 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735936 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735936 .

Zhang X , Xiao J , Guo Z B et al . 2022 . Transcriptomics integrated with metabolomics reveals the effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on apoptosis in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) . Genomics , 114 ( 1 ): 229 - 240 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.12.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.12.009 .

Zhao X X , Liu P M , Xia Z L et al . 2025 . Integrated gut microbiota and multi-omics analysis revealed the growth differences of female giant freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D : Genomics and Proteomics , 54 : 101432 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2025.101432 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2025.101432 .

Zhao X X , Luo J P , Liu P M et al . 2024 . Isolation, identification, and evaluation of intestinal bacteria in Macrobrachium rosenbergii . Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 42 ( 5 ): 1710 - 1721 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-024-3110-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-024-3110-4 .

Zhao Y X , Zuo X L , Li Q et al . 2021 . Nucleic acids analysis . Science China Chemistry , 64 ( 2 ): 171 - 203 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-020-9864-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-020-9864-7 .

Zheng X C , Yang J , Liu X et al . 2024 . Effects of different levels of antarctic krill oil on the ovarian development of Macrobrachium rosenbergii . Animals , 14 ( 22 ): 3313 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223313 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223313 .

Zhou P , Chang W Y , Gong D A et al . 2023 . High dietary fructose promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by enhancing O-GlcNAcylation via microbiota-derived acetate . Cell Metabolism , 35 ( 11 ): 1961 - 1975.e6 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.09.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.09.009 .

Zhu S , Lv Z M , Ai Q M et al . 2025 . Lipid droplets in aquatic animals: diversity, biogenesis, and functional implications . Reviews in Aquaculture , 17 ( 1 ): e 12991 , https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12991 https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12991 .

Zhu X C , Zhao Y Y , Sun N et al . 2023 . Comparison of the gut micr obiota and untargeted gut tissue metabolome of Chinese mitten crabs ( Eriocheir sinensis ) with different shell colors. Frontiers in Microbiology , 14 : 1218152 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1218152 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1218152 .

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Transcriptomic dynamics in the hepatopancreas of Macrobrachium rosenbergii during thermal elimination of infection with Decapod Iridescent Virus 1

Non-targeted metabolomic analysis of Pyropia yezoensis metabolites using GC-MS and its regulation under high temperature

Combined proteomic and metabolomic studies on the liver of Amur sturgeon Acipenserschrenckii under titanium dioxide nanoparticle exposure

Isolation, identification, and virulence gene analysis of pathogenic Aeromonas dhakensis in Macrobrachium rosenbergii and histopathological observation

Genetic parameter evaluation for growth and cold-resistance traits of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Related Author

Xingyu ZHENG

Miaoying CAI

Qi SHEN

Liping LI

Zhenglong XIA

Shaokui YI

Jiongying YU

Guoliang YANG

Related Institution

School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University

Department of Cell Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University

Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University

Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University

Guizhou Fisheries Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences

Address：Editorial Office of JOL, 88 Haijun Rd. Qingdao, 266000, China
Tel：+86-532-82898754 Email：jol@qdio.ac.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备09064830号-19 京公网安备11010802024621
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰

Metabolomics analysis of the mechanism underlying male caste differentiation in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

DOI：10.1007/s00343-026-5386-z

摘要

Abstract

关键词

Keywords

references