Decadal trends in particulate organic carbon in the Arabian Sea: biogeochemical drivers across coastal and offshore waters

Muhsan Ali KALHORO; Veeranjaneyulu CHINTA; Muhammad TAHIR; Chunli LIU; Tony SONG; Zhiyuan HE; Lixin ZHU; Zhenlin LIANG; Jun SONG

doi:10.1007/s00343-025-5092-2

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Decadal trends in particulate organic carbon in the Arabian Sea: biogeochemical drivers across coastal and offshore waters

Chemistry | Updated：2026-05-07

- Decadal trends in particulate organic carbon in the Arabian Sea: biogeochemical drivers across coastal and offshore waters
- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology Vol. 44, Issue 2, Pages: 616-633(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
  2.Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal 90150, Pakistan
  3.Ningbo Institute of Digital Twin, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo 315201, China
  4.School of Space Science and Technology, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
  5.Operational Oceanography Institution (OOI ), Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
  6.Dalian Xinghaiwan Laboratory, Dalian 116023, China
  7.Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Real-Time Forecast and Risk Warning, Dalian 116023, China
  8.Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Operational Oceanography, Dalian 116023, China
- Author bio：
  
  liangzhenlin@sdu.edu.cn
  songjun2017@dlou.edu.cn
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s00343-025-5092-2
  CLC：
- Received：26 March 2025，
  
  Accepted：24 April 2025，
  
  Online First：16 June 2025，
  
  Published：01 March 2026
- Accepted：
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KALHORO Muhsan Ali,CHINTA Veeranjaneyulu,TAHIR Muhammad,et al.Decadal trends in particulate organic carbon in the Arabian Sea: biogeochemical drivers across coastal and offshore waters[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2026,44(02):616-633.
DOI：

KALHORO Muhsan Ali,CHINTA Veeranjaneyulu,TAHIR Muhammad,et al.Decadal trends in particulate organic carbon in the Arabian Sea: biogeochemical drivers across coastal and offshore waters[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2026,44(02):616-633. DOI： 10.1007/s00343-025-5092-2.

摘要

Abstract

Particulate organic carbon (POC) is a key component of marine carbon cycling. However

its spatiotemporal dynamics in the Arabian Sea remain poorly understood. We investigated the distribution

seasonal variability

and environmental drivers of POC using moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Aqua (MODIS-Aqua) satellite data (2001–2021) and vertical profiles from the Pelagic Interactions Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies (PISCES) biogeochemical reanalysis model (Copernicus Marine Services). Surface POC concentrations exhibited profound seasonal variability. Values peaked at 500 mg/m

in coastal zones during winter (January–March) and monsoon (July–August). The highest monthly averages were recorded in February (254.8±45.5 mg/m

)

January (208.36±50.2 mg/m

)

and March (196.45±75.3 mg/m

). Regional analysis revealed distinct patterns: Region A (Pakistan/Iran coast) had winter maxima (504.2 mg/m

in January); Region B (Oman) peaked during the monsoon upwelling (835.4 mg/m

in July); Region C (India) showed moderate values (327.9 mg/m

)

while Regio

n D (open sea) exhibited stable concentrations (~114 mg/m

). All regions showed declining POC trends

with the most profound decrease in Region A (-0.28 mg/m

). Surface POC was strongly correlated with chlorophyll

(Chl

)

at 0.64 in coastal and 0.69 in offshore waters. Vertical profiles revealed strong correlations (

0.8) between POC

Chl

and sea surface temperature (SST). Weaker associations were found with nutrients (NO

)

salinity

and oxygen. Seasonal SST maxima (29.1±0.7 °C in May) and deep mixed layers (54.3±5.1 m in January) influenced vertical carbon fluxes. Silicate and oxygen showed depth-dependent patterns. Surface waters were depleted (

2 mmol/m

)

while mesopelagic layers were enriched (20–45 mmol/m

). This study provided the first integrated satellite-model analysis of POC dynamics in the Arabian Sea. It fills a critical knowledge gap in regional carbon cycling. The findings improved the ability to predict biogeochemical responses to monsoon variability and climate-driven oceanographic shifts

and they also have important implications for global carbon budget estimates.

关键词

Keywords

references

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