Characteristics and possible influential factors of marine heat wave in the Bohai Sea

Hailun HE; Yifan LI; Shouchang WU; Pengfei LIN; Yiwen LI; Yao XU

doi:10.1007/s00343-025-4252-8

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Characteristics and possible influential factors of marine heat wave in the Bohai Sea

Physics | Updated：2025-12-16

- Characteristics and possible influential factors of marine heat wave in the Bohai Sea
- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology Vol. 43, Issue 6, Pages: 1739-1753(2025)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  2.Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
  3.College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  4.Marine Academy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China
  5.National Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
  6.College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  7.School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
  8.Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, China
- Author bio：
  
  hehailun@sio.org.cn
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s00343-025-4252-8
  CLC：
- Received：22 September 2024，
  
  Online First：25 March 2025，
  
  Published：01 November 2025
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
HE Hailun,LI Yifan,WU Shouchang,et al.Characteristics and possible influential factors of marine heat wave in the Bohai Sea[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2025,43(06):1739-1753.
DOI：

HE Hailun,LI Yifan,WU Shouchang,et al.Characteristics and possible influential factors of marine heat wave in the Bohai Sea[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2025,43(06):1739-1753. DOI： 10.1007/s00343-025-4252-8.

摘要

Abstract

Marine heat waves (MHWs)

characterized by extreme warm sea surface temperature events

frequently occur in Chinese marginal seas. However

the seasonal variation and joint distribution of MHWs in the Bohai Sea have not been fully described. Therefore

we conducted a systematic investigation of MHWs in this region. Our findings indicate that the frequency of MHW is low during winter

with long duration and weak intensity

while in summer

it is opposite

being high in the frequency

and shorter but stronger. Notably

in summer

the Laizhou and Liaodong bays exhibit a relatively long total day of MHWs compared to other areas in the Bohai Sea. Furthermore

our analysis of the joint distribution of MHWs

considering both duration and intensity

reveals significant seasonal variations. To provide practical insights for marine ranching

we have also investigated time series of MHWs at several specific stations and computed the correlation coefficients between MHW intensity and potential influential factors. Results suggest that sea surface height

cloud cover

wind stress

and wind stress curl are significantly correlated with MHW intensity

although these relationships vary geographically and seasonally. Overall

these findings elucidate the seasonal variation and potential influential factors of MHWs in the Bohai Sea and offer insights for decision-making and planning in marine ranching.

关键词

Keywords

references

Arteaga L A , Rousseaux C S . 2023 . Impact of Pacific Ocean heatwaves on phytoplankton community composition . Communications Biology , 6 ( 1 ): 263 , https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04645-0 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04645-0 .

Azarian C , Bopp L , Pietri A et al . 2023 . Current and projected patterns of warming and marine heatwaves in the southern Indian Ocean. Progress in Oceanography , 215 : 103036 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103036 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103036 .

Bian C W , Jiang W S , Pohlmann T et al . 2016 . Hydrography-physical description of the Bohai Sea. Journal of Coastal Research , 74 (sp 1 ): 1 - 12 , https://doi.org/10.2112/SI74-001.1 https://doi.org/10.2112/SI74-001.1 .

Choi W , Bang M , Joh Y et al . 2022 . Characteristics and mechanisms of marine heatwaves in the East Asian marginal seas: regional and seasonal differences . Remote Sensing , 14 ( 15 ): 3522 , https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153522 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153522 .

Donlon C J , Martin M , Stark J et al . 2012 . The operational sea surface temperature and sea ice analysis (OSTIA) system . Remote Sensing of Environment , 116 : 140 - 158 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.10.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.10.017 .

Hainbucher D , Hao W , Pohlmann T et al . 2004 . Variability of the Bohai Sea circulation based on model calculations . Journal of Marine Systems , 44 ( 3-4 ): 153 - 174 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.09.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.09.008 .

Hobday A J , Alexander L V , Perkins S E et al . 2016 . A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves . Progress in Oceanography , 141 : 227 - 238 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014 .

Huang D J , Su J L , Backhaus J O . 1999 . Modelling the seasonal thermal stratification and baroclinic circulation in the Bohai Sea . Continental Shelf Research , 19 ( 11 ): 1485 - 1505 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(99)00026-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(99)00026-6 .

Kim J , Kim T , Ryu J G et al . 2023 . Spatiotemporal graph neural network for multivariate multi-step ahead time-series forecasting of sea temperature. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence , 126 : 106854 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106854 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106854 .

Lee S , Park M S , Kwon M et al . 2023 . Rapidly changing East Asian marine heatwaves under a warming climate . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 128 ( 6 ): e2023 JC 019761 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC019761 https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC019761 .

Li Y F , He H L , Zhao L et al . 2024 . Seasonal variation of marine heat wave in the East China Sea. Journal of Physics : Conference Series , 2718 : 012001 , https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2718/1/012001 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2718/1/012001 .

Li Y , Ren G Y , Wang Q Y et al . 2023 . Changes in marine hot and cold extremes in the China Seas during 1982-2020. Weather and Climate Extremes , 39 : 100553 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2023.100553 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2023.100553 .

Liu X C , Yu F , Chen Z F et al . 2024 . The critical role of thermal stratification associated with the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in modulating winter sea surface temperature . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 129 ( 2 ): e2023 JC 020373 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC020373 https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC020373 .

Liu Z Z , Zhai F G , Gu Y Z . 2023 . Observed current variations in the Bohai Sea in the winter of 2020/2021. Journal of Sea Research , 196 : 102450 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2023.102450 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2023.102450 .

Meng L X , Yan Y W , Zhang L et al . 2024 . Characteristics and mechanism of winter marine heatwaves in the cold tongue region of the South China Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science , 11 : 1362805 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1362805 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1362805 .

Peal R , Worsfold M , Good S . 2023 . Comparing global trends in marine cold spells and marine heatwaves using reprocessed satellite data . State of the Planet , 1 -osr7: 3 , https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-3-2023 https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-3-2023 .

Shi B Y , Hao Y J , Feng L et al . 2024 . An attention-based context fusion network for spatiotemporal prediction of sea surface temperature. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters , 21 : 1504405 , https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2024.3431586 https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2024.3431586 .

Song S Y , Kim Y J , Lee E J et al . 2023 . Wintertime sea surface temperature variability modulated by Arctic Oscillation in the northwestern part of the East/Japan Sea and its relationship with marine heatwaves. Frontiers in Marine Science , 10 : 1198418 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1198418 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1198418 .

Sun W J , Zhou S Y , Yang J S et al . 2023 . Artificial intelligence forecasting of marine heatwaves in the South China Sea using a combined U-Net and ConvLSTM system . Remote Sensing , 15 ( 16 ): 4068 , https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164068 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164068 .

Wang D Q , Xu T F , Fang G H et al . 2022 . Characteristics of marine heatwaves in the Japan/East Sea . Remote Sensing , 14 ( 4 ): 936 , https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040936 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040936 .

Wang J H , Shen Y M , Guo Y K . 2010 . Seasonal circulation and influence factors of the Bohai Sea: a numerical study based on Lagrangian particle tracking method . Ocean Dynamics , 60 ( 6 ): 1581 - 1596 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-010-0346-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-010-0346-7 .

Wang Q Y , Li Q Q , Li Y et al . 2021 . Temporal and spatial characteristics of marine heat waves in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea during 1982 - 2019 . Haiyang Xuebao , 43 ( 12 ): 38 - 49 , https://doi.org/10.12284/hyxb2021179. https://doi.org/10.12284/hyxb2021179. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Woo H J , Park K A . 2020 . Inter-comparisons of daily sea surface temperatures and in-situ temperatures in the coastal regions . Remote Sensing , 12 ( 10 ): 1592 , https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101592 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101592 .

Wu L J , Wang J , Gao S et al . 2017 . An analysis of dynamical factors influencing 2013 giant jellyfish bloom near Qinhuangdao in the Bohai Sea, China . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 185 : 141 - 151 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.12.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.12.010 .

Wu W F , Zhai F G , Liu C et al . 2023 . Three-dimensional structure of summer circulation in the Bohai Sea and its intraseasonal variability . Ocean Dynamics , 73 ( 11 ): 679 - 698 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01576-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01576-6 .

Xu J , Yan Y W , Zhang L et al . 2024 . Long-term trends and extreme events of marine heatwaves in the Eastern China Marginal Seas during summer. Frontiers in Marine Science , 11 : 1380963 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1380963 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1380963 .

Yan Y , Gu W , Gierisch A M U et al . 2022 . NEMO-Bohai 1.0: a high-resolution ocean and sea ice modelling system for the Bohai Sea, China . Geoscientific Model Development , 15 ( 3 ): 1269 - 1288 , https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1269-2022 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1269-2022 .

Yao Y L , Wang J J , Yin J J et al . 2020 . Marine heatwaves in China's marginal seas and adjacent offshore waters: past, present, and future . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 125 ( 3 ): e2019 JC 015801 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015801 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015801 .

Zhao Z J , Marin M . 2019 . A MATLAB toolbox to detect and analyze marine heatwaves . Journal of Open Source Software , 4 ( 33 ): 1124 , https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01124 https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01124 .

Zhou F , Huang D J , Xue H J et al . 2017 . Circulations associated with cold pools in the Bohai Sea on the Chinese continental shelf . Continental Shelf Research , 137 : 25 - 38 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.02.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.02.005 .

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Ecological characteristics and carrying capacity analysis of marine ranching ecosystem in Beibu Gulf based on Ecopath model

A deep learning-based hybrid model for improved SST prediction in the tropical Pacific Ocean

Contrasting physical mechanisms of yellowfin tuna fluctuations between the western and eastern Indian Ocean

Numerical Studies on Effects of V-Shaped Leading Edge on Incident Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction

Investigation on Interaction Mechanism Between Rim Sealing Flow and Mainstream Flow in High-Pressure Turbine

Related Author

Hailun HE

Cheng CHENG

Haolin YU

Jie FENG

Yan LI

Qingxian CAO

Li LIU

Cheng YANG

Related Institution

Qingdao Agricultural University

Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

North China Sea Marine Forecasting Center of State Oceanic Administration

Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Guangxi Institute of Oceanography

Address：Editorial Office of JOL, 88 Haijun Rd. Qingdao, 266000, China
Tel：+86-532-82898754 Email：jol@qdio.ac.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备09064830号-19 京公网安备11010802024621
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰