Effects of sulfate content and salinity on growth, oxygen consumption, Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase activity, and hepatopancreas histopathology of Pacific white shrimp <italic style="font-style: italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</italic>

Jiaqi SU; Shaowen LI; Zheng HE; Zhenhua MA; Changbo ZHU

doi:10.1007/s00343-024-4107-8

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Effects of sulfate content and salinity on growth, oxygen consumption, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity, and hepatopancreas histopathology of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Aquaculture and Fisheries | Updated：2025-08-07

- Effects of sulfate content and salinity on growth, oxygen consumption, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity, and hepatopancreas histopathology of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology Vol. 43, Issue 4, Pages: 1350-1360(2025)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510220, China
  2.Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Restoration, Yantai 264006, China
  3.College of Fishery Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
  4.College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Author bio：
  
  zhu@imau.edu.cn
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s00343-024-4107-8
  CLC：
- Received：09 April 2024，
  
  Published：01 July 2025
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
SU Jiaqi,LI Shaowen,HE Zheng,et al.Effects of sulfate content and salinity on growth, oxygen consumption, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity, and hepatopancreas histopathology of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2025,43(04):1350-1360.
DOI：

SU Jiaqi,LI Shaowen,HE Zheng,et al.Effects of sulfate content and salinity on growth, oxygen consumption, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity, and hepatopancreas histopathology of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2025,43(04):1350-1360. DOI： 10.1007/s00343-024-4107-8.

摘要

Abstract

Inland culture of shrimp integrated with irrigation could be one of the most feasible livelihood options for many households nearby saline land. Compared with seawater and most of reported brackish water used for shrimp culture

the sulfate content was higher in both surface and ground water in the central Asia. We evaluated the effects of salinity

the SO

/Cl

ratio and their interaction on the growth

oxygen consumption

-ATPase activity

total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC)

and hepatopancreas histology of

Litopenaeus

vannamei

reared in artificial seawater. The experiment lasted for 30 d

two salinity levels (20 and 10) and four SO

/Cl

ratios (0.14

0.577

1.127

and 2.225 mg/mg) of waters were set. Results show no significant differences in survival among groups. Salinity and its interaction effects with SO

/Cl

ratio did not significantly affect the final body weight

weight gain

and specific growth rate of shrimps

whereas the SO

/Cl

ratio did (

0.05). Shrimp mean weight gain and specific growth rate at water SO

/Cl

ratio of 2.225 were significantly lower than at ratio of 0.14. At salinity 20

the shrimp final body weight at water SO

/Cl

ratio of 2.225 was significantly lower than at other ratios (

0.05)

whereas there was no significant difference in final body weight among treatments at salinity 10 (

0.05). Oxygen consumption

-ATPase activity

and T-AOC increased with increasing SO

/Cl

ratio at both salinities.

vannamei

exposed to water SO

/Cl

ratio of 2.225 at salinity 20 showed severe histopathological changes. This study indicated that

vannamei

has strong tolerance to sulfate in brackish water environment. The shrimp is more adaptable to SO

/Cl

ratios below 2.225 at lower salinity

and the optimal SO

/Cl

range for the growth is 0.14–0.577 (mg/mg) regardless of salinity level.

关键词

Keywords

references

Ahearn G A , Duerr J M , Zhuang Z P et al . 1999 . Ion transport processes of crustacean epithelial cells . Physiological and Biochemical Zoology , 72 ( 1 ): 1 - 18 , https://doi.‍org/10.1086/316643 https://doi.‍org/10.1086/316643 . https://do 10.1086/316643 http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/316643

Ardiansyah S , Irawan B , Soegianto A . 2012 . Effect of cadmium and zinc in different salinity levels on survival and osmoregulation of white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei Boone) . Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology , 45 ( 4 ): 291 - 302 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2012.734056 https://doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2012.734056 .

Asankulov T , Abuduwaili J , Issanova G et al . 2019 . Long-term dynamics and seasonal changes in hydrochemistry of the Issyk-Kul lake basin, Kyrgyzstan . Arid Ecosystems , 9 ( 1 ): 69 - 76 , https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079096119010025 https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079096119010025 .

Badr A , Haverinen J , Vornanen M . 2023 . Tissue-specific differences and temperature-dependent changes in Na, K-ATPase of the roach ( Rutilus rutilus ). Aquaculture , 563 : 738963 , https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.‍aquaculture.‍2022.738963 https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.‍aquaculture.‍2022.738963 . https://do 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738963 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738963

Bett C , Vinatea L . 2009 . Combined effect of body weight, temperature and salinity on shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei oxygen consumption rate . Brazilian Journal of Oceanography , 57 ( 4 ): 305 - 314 , https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592009000400005 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592009000400005 .

Bo Y , Liu C L , Jiao P C et al . 2013 . Hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors for waters’ chemical composition in the Tarim basin, western China . Geochemistry , 73 ( 3 ): 343 - 356 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2013.06.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2013.06.003 .

Buchwalter D , Scheibener S , Chou H et al . 2019 . Are sulfate effects in the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer driven by the cost of ion regulation? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences , 374 ( 1764 ): 20180013 , https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0013 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0013 .

Carvalho A , Costa R , Neves S et al . 2021 . Determination of dissolved oxygen in water by the Winkler method: performance modelling and optimisation for environmental analysis. Microchemical Journal , 165 : 106129 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106129 .

Chen Y K , Dong X H , Yang Q H et al . 2022 . Effect of ye ast hydrolysate supplementation on the resistance of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , challenged with low salinity stress . Aquaculture Research , 53 ( 2 ): 409 - 418 , https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15582 https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15582 .

Fabinyi M , Hayward P , Canlas I P et al . 2020 . Changing inland waterbody livelihoods in Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan . Journal of Marine and Island Cultures , 9 ( 1 ): 18 - 33 , https://doi.org/10.21463/jmic.2020.09.1.02 https://doi.org/10.21463/jmic.2020.09.1.02 .

FAO . 2024 . Global Production . Fisheries and Aquaculture Division , https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en. Accessed on 2024-1-24 https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en.Accessedon2024-1-24 .

Fleckenstein L J , Tierney T W , Fisk J C et al . 2022 . Using alternative low-cost artificial sea salt mixtures for intensive, indoor shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) production. Aquaculture Reports , 24 : 101147 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101147 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101147 .

Frías-Espericueta M G , Abad-Rosales S , Nevárez-Velázquez A C et al . 2008 . Histological effects of a combination of heavy metals on Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles . Aquatic Toxicology , 89 ( 3 ): 152 - 157 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.06.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.06.010 .

Galkanda-Arachchige H S C , Roy L A , Davis D A . 2021 . The effects of magnesium concentration in low-salinity water on growth of Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) . Aquaculture Research , 52 ( 2 ): 589 - 597 , https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14916 https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14916 .

Giffard-Mena I , Ponce-Rivas E , Sigala-Andrade H M et al . 2024 . Evaluation of the osmoregulatory capacity and three stress biomarkers in white shrimp Penaeus vannamei exposed to different temperature and salinity conditions: Na + /K + ATPase, Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), and Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormones (CHHs). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B : Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , 271 : 110942 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110942 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110942 .

Hamidov A , Helming K , Balla D . 2016 . Impact of agricultural land use in Central Asia: a review . Agronomy for Sustainable Development , 36 ( 1 ): 6 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0337-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0337-7 .

Han S , Wang B , Wang M et al . 2017 . Effects of ammonia and nitrite accumulation on the survival and growth performance of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei . ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal , 14 ( 1 ): 221 - 232 , https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/isj.v14i1.221-232 https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/isj.v14i1.221-232 .

Hopmans J W , Qureshi A S , Kisekka I et al . 2021 . Critical knowledge gaps and research priorities in global soil salinity . Advances in Agronomy , 169 : 1 - 191 , https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2021.03.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2021.03.001 .

Hu Y , Gao G , Qin K X et al . 2024 . Effects of sulfate on survival, osmoregulation and immune inflammation of mud crab ( Scylla paramamosain ) under low salt conditions. Aquaculture , 509 : 741029 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741029 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741029 .

Jana P , Sahu N P , Sardar P et al . 2021 . Dietary protein requirement of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) juveniles, reared in inland ground water of medium salinity . Aquaculture Research , 52 ( 6 ): 2501 - 2517 , https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15100 https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15100 .

Jiang L , Feng J X , Ying R et al . 2019 . Individual and combined effects of ammonia-N and sulfide on the immune function and intestinal microbiota of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 92 : 230 - 240 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.020 .

Juarez-Moreno K , Mejía-Ruiz C H , Díaz F et al . 2017 . Effect of silver nanoparticles on the metabolic rate, hematological response, and survival of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei . Chemosphere , 169 : 716 - 724 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.054 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.054 .

Karjalainen J , Hu X X , Mäkinen M et al . 2023 . Sulfate sensitivity of aquatic organism in soft freshwaters explored by toxicity tests and species sensitivity distribution. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 258 : 114984 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114984 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114984 .

Kır M , Sunar M C , Topuz M et al . 2023 . Thermal acclimation capacity and standard metabolism of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) at different temperature and salinity combinations. Journal of Thermal Biology , 112 : 103429 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.‍103429 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.‍103429 .

Leonard E M , Barcarolli I , Silva K R et al . 2011 . The effects of salinity on acute and chronic nickel toxicity and bioaccumulation in two euryhaline crustaceans: Litopenaeus vannamei and Excirolana armata . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C : Toxicology & Pharmacology , 154 ( 4 ): 409 - 419 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.07.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.07.011 .

Li E C , Chen L Q , Zeng C et al . 2007 . Growth, body composition, respiration and ambient ammonia nitrogen tolerance of the juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , at different salinities . Aquaculture , 265 ( 1-4 ): 385 - 390 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.02.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.02.018 .

Li E C , Xiong Z Q , Chen L Q et al . 2008 . Acute toxicity of boron to juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , at two salinities . Aquaculture , 278 ( 1-4 ): 175 - 178 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.03.022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.03.022 .

Liang Z X , Liu R , Zhao D P et al . 2016 . Ammonia exposure induces oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in hepatopancreas of pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 54 : 523 - 528 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.009 .

Lin Y C , Chen J C . 2001 . Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei Boone juveniles at different salinity levels . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 259 ( 1 ): 109 - 119 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00227-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00227-1 .

Liu H L , Yang S P , Wang C G et al . 2015 . Effect of air exposure and resubmersion on the behavior and oxidative stress of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei . North American Journal of Aquaculture , 77 ( 1 ): 43 - 49 , https://doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2014.955157 https://doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2014.955157 .

Long J N , Cui Y T , Wang R J et al . 2021 . Combined effects of high salinity and ammonia-n exposure on the energy metabolism, immune response, oxidative resistance and ammonia metabolism of the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei . Aquaculture Reports , 20 : 100648 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100648 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100648 .

Long X H , Liu L P , Shao T Y et al . 2016 . Developing and sustainably utilize the coastal mudflat areas in China . Science of the Total Environment , 569 - 570 : 1077 - 1086 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.170 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.170 .

Lushchak V I . 2011 . Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals . Aquatic Toxicology , 101 ( 1 ): 13 - 30 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.006 .

Mamilov N , Sharakhmetov S , Amirbekova F et al . 2022 . Past, current and future of fish diversity in the Alakol lakes (Central Asia: Kazakhstan) . Diversity , 14 ( 1 ): 11 , https://doi.org/10.3390/d14010011 https://doi.org/10.3390/d14010011 .

Mirzaei F S , Ghorbani R , Hosseini S A et al . 2019 . Associations between shrimp farming and nitrogen dynamic: a model in the Caspian Sea . Aquaculture , 510 : 323 - 328 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.05.070 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.05.070 .

Nematollahi M J , Keshavarzi B , Moore F et al . 2021 . Hydrogeochemical and ecological risk assessments of trace elements in the coastal surface water of the southern Caspian Sea . Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , 193 ( 7 ): 452 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09211-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09211-x .

Pawar A P , Sanaye S V , Shyama S et al . 2020 . Effects of salinity and temperature on the acute toxicity of the pesticides, dimethoate and chlorpyrifos in post-larvae and juveniles of the whiteleg shrimp. Aquaculture Reports , 16 : 100240 , https://doi.org/10.‍1016/j.aqrep.2019.100240 https://doi.org/10.‍1016/j.aqrep.2019.100240 .

Prapaiwong N , Boyd C E . 2014 . Trace elements in waters of inland, low-salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama . Aquaculture Research , 45 ( 2 ): 327 - 333 , https://doi.‍org/10.1111/j.‍‍1365-2109.2012.03230.x https://doi.‍org/10.1111/j.‍‍1365-2109.2012.03230.x . https://do 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03230.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03230.x

Pueppke S G , Iklasov M K , Beckmann V et al . 2018 . Challenges for sustainable use of the fish resources from lake Balkhash, a fragile lake in an arid ecosystem . Sustainability , 10 ( 4 ): 1234 , https://doi.‍org/10.3390/su10041234 https://doi.‍org/10.3390/su10041234 . https://do 10.3390/su10041234 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10041234

Racotta I S , Hernández-Herrera R . 2000 . Metabolic responses of the white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei , to ambient ammonia . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A : Molecular & Integrative Physiology , 125 ( 4 ): 437 - 443 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(00)00171-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(00)00171-9 .

Roy L A , Davis D A , Saoud I P et al . 2010 . Shrimp culture in inland low salinity waters . Reviews in Aquaculture , 2 ( 4 ): 191 - 208 , https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2010.01036.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2010.01036.x .

Scheibener S , Conley J M , Buchwalter D . 2017 . Sulfate transport kinetics and toxicity are modulated by sodium in aquatic insects . Aquatic Toxicology , 190 : 62 - 69 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.027 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.027 .

Shi Y H , Zhang G Y , Xu J B et al . 2022 . Effects of salinity on survival, growth, haemolymph osmolality, gill Na + -K + -ATPase activity, respiration and excretion of the sword prawn Parapenaeopsis hardwickii . Aquaculture Research , 53 ( 2 ): 603 - 611 , https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15604 https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15604 .

Si J H , Feng Q , Wen X H et al . 2009 . Major ion chemistry of groundwater in the extreme arid region northwest China . Environmental Geology , 57 ( 5 ): 1079 - 1087 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1394-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1394-x .

Soucek D J . 2007 . Comparison of hardness- and chloride-regulated acute effects of sodium sulfate on two freshwater crustaceans . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 26 ( 4 ): 773 - 779 , https://doi.org/10.1897/06-229r.1 https://doi.org/10.1897/06-229r.1 .

Sun H Y , Zhang L P , Ren C H et al . 2011 . The expression of Na, K-ATPase in Litopenaeus vannamei under salinity stress . Marine Biology Research , 7 ( 6 ): 623 - 628 , https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2010.538063 https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2010.538063 .

Tantulo U , Fotedar R . 2007 . Osmo and ionic regulation of black tiger prawn ( Penaeus monodon Fabricius 1798) juveniles exposed to K + deficient inland saline water at different salinities . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A : Molecular & Integrative Physiology , 146 ( 2 ): 208 - 214 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j‍.cbpa.2006.10.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j‍.cbpa.2006.10.020 .

Wang N , Dorman R A , Ingersoll C G et al . 2016 . Acute and chronic toxicity of sodium sulfate to four freshwater organisms in water-only exposures . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 35 ( 1 ): 115 - 127 , https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3148 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3148 .

Wang N , Dorman R A , Ivey C D et al . 2020 . Acute and chronic toxicity of sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate to several freshwater organisms in water-only exposures . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 39 ( 5 ): 1071 - 1085 , https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4701 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4701 .

Wu J P , Chen H C . 2004 . Effects of cadmium and zinc on oxygen consumption, ammonium excretion, and osmoregulation of white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) . Chemosphere , 57 ( 11 ): 1591 - 1598 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.033 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.033 .

Wudtisin I , Boyd C E . 2011 . Possible potassium and magnesium limitations for shrimp survival and production in low-salinity, pond waters in Thailand . Journal of the World Aquaculture Society , 42 ( 6 ): 766 - 777 , https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00530.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00530.x .

Xu D F , Wu J X , Sun L J et al . 2022 . Energy metabolism response of Litopenaeus vannamei to combined stress of acute cold exposure and waterless duration: implications for physiological regulation and waterless live transport. Journal of Thermal Biology , 104 : 103149 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103149 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103149 .

Yapiyev V , Wade A J , Shahgedanova M et al . 2021 . The hydrochemistry and water quality of glacierized catchments in Central Asia: a review of the current status and anticipated change. Journal of Hydrology : Regional Studies , 38 : 100960 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100960 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100960 .

Zak D , Hupfer M , Cabezas A et al . 2021 . Sulphate in freshwater ecosystems: a review of sources, biogeochemical cycles, ecotoxicological effects and bioremediation. Earth - Science Reviews , 212 : 103446 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j‍.‍earscirev.2020.‍103446 https://doi.org/10.1016/j‍.‍earscirev.2020.‍103446 .

Zhang P D , Zhang X M , Li J et al . 2009 . Effect of salinity on survival, growth, oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of juvenile whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei . Aquaculture Research , 40 ( 12 ): 1419 - 1427 , https://doi.org/10.1111/j‍.‍1365-2109.2009.02240.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j‍.‍1365-2109.2009.02240.x .

Zhang R Q , Shi X , Liu Z et al . 2023 . Histological, physiological and transcriptomic analysis reveal the acute alkalinity stress of the gill and hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei . Marine Biotechnology , 25 ( 4 ): 588 - 602 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-023-10228-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-023-10228-1 .

Zhao X P , Wang G P , Liu X G et al . 2022 . Dietary supplementation of astaxanthin increased growth, colouration, the capacity of hypoxia and ammonia tolerance of Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ). Aquaculture Reports , 23 : 101093 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101093 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101093 .

Zhu C B , Dong S L , Wang F . 2006 . The interaction of salinity and Na/K ratio in seawater on growth, nutrient retention and food conversion of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei . Journal of Shellfish Research , 25 ( 1 ): 107 - 112 , https://doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2006)25 https://doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2006)25 [107:TIOSAK ] 2.0.CO; 2 .

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Riverine fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen may be underestimated in gated estuaries: influence of suspended sediments

Novel insights into saline stress on photosynthetic activity and astaxanthin production of Haematococcus pluvialis

Experimental study on interaction between epizoic diatoms and Pseudodiaptomus annandalei

Effects of light spectra on growth and compositions of biomass, fatty acids, and pigments in three typical microalgae from different phyla

Parametric Model of Lubricant Particle Trajectory inAnnulus Inter-Spools

Related Author

Jiaqi SU

Shaowen LI

Zheng HE

Zhenhua MA

Changbo ZHU

Chenglong HAN

Lichun PU

Shiyu WANG

Related Institution

Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences

Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Restoration

College of Fishery Science, Tianjin Agricultural University

College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University

Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-media Pollution, Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Environmental Biogeochemical Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University

Address：Editorial Office of JOL, 88 Haijun Rd. Qingdao, 266000, China
Tel：+86-532-82898754 Email：jol@qdio.ac.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备09064830号-19 京公网安备11010802024621
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰

Effects of sulfate content and salinity on growth, oxygen consumption, Na+/K+-ATPase activity, and hepatopancreas histopathology of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

DOI：10.1007/s00343-024-4107-8

摘要

Abstract

关键词

Keywords

references

Effects of sulfate content and salinity on growth, oxygen consumption, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity, and hepatopancreas histopathology of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei