

FOLLOWUS
1.College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
2.College of Aquaculture, Wonsan Fisheries University, Wonsan 999093, DPR Korea
3.College of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang 99903, DPR Korea
4.Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
Maocang YAN, E-mail: 27889314@qq.com
Guangxu LIU, E-mail: guangxu_liu@zju.edu.cn
Received:09 November 2020,
Accepted:06 January 2021,
Online First:22 January 2021,
Published:2022-01
Scan QR Code
Kwangjin JU, Moyngsuk KIL, Sanghyok RI, et al. Dietary intake of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder (BVC) enhances resistance of African catfish
Kwangjin JU, Moyngsuk KIL, Sanghyok RI, et al. Dietary intake of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder (BVC) enhances resistance of African catfish
Although the immunomodulatory activity of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder (BVC) has been increasingly documented in domestic animals
the use of BVC as immunostimulant in fish aquaculture awaits verification. In the present study
the immunostimulatory impacts of dietary BVC intake were investigated in an important aquaculture fish species
the African catfish
Clarias gariepinus
. Results show that the pathogen resistance of African catfish was significantly improved by dietary BVC intake at the tested levels (0.5%–2%)
as indicated by higher survival rates (approximately 1.52–1.85 times that without BVC supplementation) upon intraperitoneally injection of bacterial pathogen
Aeromonas hydrophila
. In addition
both the count and phagocytic activity of blood cells were significantly up-regulated by a 45-day dietary supplementation of BVC. Moreover
compared to that of the control
fish individuals fed BVC containing diets exhibited significant higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD)
myeloperoxidase (MPO)
and lysozyme (LYZ). The content of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in serum of African catfish was also induced by dietary BVC supplementation. Furthermore
the expression levels of interleukin-8 (
IL-8
)
toll-like receptor 1 and 5 (
TLR1
and
TLR5
)
myeloid differentiation factor 88 (
MyD88
)
and nuclear factor kappa B (
NFκB
) in the head kidney were significantly up-regulated. Our findings indicate BVC could be an effective immunostimulant in teleost species
which may enhance fish immunity through improving hematic parameters
activating bioactive humoral molecules
and up-regulating immune related molecular pathways.
S Akira , S Uematsu , O Takeuchi . Pathogen recognition and innate immunity . Cell , 2006 . 124 ( 4 ): 783 - 801 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015 .
E Awad , A Awaad . Role of medicinal plants on growth performance and immune status in fish . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2017 . 67 40 - 54 . DOI: 10.1016/).fsi.2017.05.034 http://doi.org/10.1016/).fsi.2017.05.034 .
V J F Borgia , A J Thatheyus , A G Murugesan , S C P Alexander , I Geetha . Effects of effluent from electoplating industry on the immune response in the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2018 . 79 86 - 92 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.010 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.010 .
A Bunnoy , U Na-Nakorn , P Srisapoome . Development of a monoclonal antibody specific to the IgM heavy chain of bighead catfish ( Clarias macrocephalus ): a biomolecular tool for the detection and quantification of IgM molecules and IgM + cells in Clarias catfish . Biomolecules , 2020 . 10 ( 4 ): 567 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040567 http://doi.org/10.3390/biom10040567 .
J Cha , K H Carlson . Biodegradation of veterinary antibiotics in lagoon waters . Process Safety and Environmental Protection , 2019 . 127 306 - 313 . DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2019.04.009 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.04.009 .
G M Chu , C K Jung , H Y Kim , J H Ha , J H Kim , M S Jung , S J Lee , Y Song , R I H Ibrahim , J H Cho , S S Lee , Y M Song . Effects of bamboo charcoal and bamboo vinegar as antibiotic alternatives on growth performance, immune responses and fecal microflora population in fattening pigs . Animal Science Journal , 2013 . 84 ( 2 ): 113 - 120 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2012.01045.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2012.01045.x .
M A O Dawood , S Koshio . Recent advances in the role of probiotics and prebiotics in carp aquaculture: a review . Aquaculture , 2016 . 454 243 - 251 . DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.12.033 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.12.033 .
J M Deng , B B Lin , X D Zhang , L Guo , L S Chen , G B Li , Q M Wang , C Q Yu , H F Mi . Effects of dietary sodium humate on growth, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immune response, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in genetic improvement of farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus ) . Aquaculture , 2020 . 520 734788 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734788 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734788 .
G Devi , R Harikrishnan , B A Paray , M K Al-Sadoon , S H Hoseinifar , C Balasundaram . Effects of aloe-emodin on innate immunity, antioxidant and immune cytokines mechanisms in the head kidney leucocytes of Labeo rohita against Aphanomyces invadans . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2019 . 87 669 - 678 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.006 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.006 .
G Dotta , J I A de Andrade , P Garcia , G F A Jesus , J L P Mourino , J J Mattos , A C D Bainy , M L Martins . Antioxidant enzymes, hematology and histology of spleen in Nile tilapia fed supplemented diet with natural extracts challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2018 . 79 175 - 180 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.024 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.024 .
X Y Du , Y Tang , Y Han , S Ri , T Kim , K Ju , W Shi , S G Sun , W S Zhou , G X Liu . Acetylcholine suppresses phagocytosis via binding to muscarinic- and nicotinicacetylcholine receptors and subsequently interfering Ca 2+ - and NFκB-signaling pathways in blood clam . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2020 . 102 152 - 160 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.030 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.030 .
C Fierro-Castro , L Barrioluengo , P López-Fierro , B E Razquin , A J Villena . Fish cell cultures as in vitro models of inflammatory responses elicited by immunostimulants. Expression of regulatory genes of the innate immune response . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2013 . 35 979 - 987 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.015 .
A T Gewirtz , T A Navas , S Lyons , P J Godowski , J L Madara . Cutting edge: bacterial flagellin activates basolaterally expressed TLR5 to induce epithelial proinflammatory gene expression . Journal of Immunology , 2001 . 167 ( 4 ): 1 882 - 1 885 . DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.1882 http://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.1882 .
M Gonzalez-Aparicio , C Alfaro . Significance of the IL-8 pathway for immunotherapy . Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics , 2020 . 16 ( 10 ): 2 312 - 2 317 . DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1696075 http://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2019.1696075 .
Á González-Murillo , L Fernández , S Baena , G J Melen , R Sánchez , C Sánchez-Valdepeñas , J C Segovia , H C Liou , R Schmid , L Madero , M Fresno , M Ramirez . The NFKB inducing kinase modulates hematopoiesis during stress . Stem Cells , 2015 . 33 ( 9 ): 2 825 - 2 837 . DOI: 10.1002/stem.2066 http://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2066 .
Y Han , Y Tang , S G Sun , T Kim , K Ju , S Ri , X Y Du , W S Zhou , W Shi , S G Li , G X Liu . Modulatory function of calmodulin on phagocytosis and potential regulation mechanisms in the blood clam Tegillarca granosa . Developmental & Comparative Immunology , 2021 . 116 103910 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103910 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2020.103910 .
R Harikrishnan , C Balasundaram , M C Kim , J S Kim , Y J Han , M S Heo . Innate immune response and disease resistance in Carassius auratus by triherbal solvent extracts . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2009 . 27 ( 3 ): 508 - 515 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.07.004 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2009.07.004 .
R Harikrishnan , M N Rani , C Balasundaram . Hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio , following herbal treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila infection . Aquaculture , 2003 . 221 ( 1-4 ): 41 - 50 . DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00023-1 http://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00023-1 .
F Hayashi , K D Smith , A Ozinsky , T R Hawn , E C Yi , D R Goodlett , J K Eng , S Akira , D M Underhill , A Aderem . The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5 . Nature , 2001 . 410 ( 6832 ): 1 099 - 1 103 . DOI: 10.1038/35074106 http://doi.org/10.1038/35074106 .
M S He , G Y Liu , Y H Liu , K C Yang , X Z Qi , A G Huang , T Q Liu , G X Wang , E L Wang . Effects of geniposide as immunostimulant on the innate immune response and disease resistance in crucian carp . Aquaculture , 2020 . 529 735713 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735713 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735713 .
Y J Huo , Z X Liu , H Xuan , C B Lu , L H Yu , W B Bao , G Q Zhao . Effects of bamboo vinegar powder on growth performance and mRNA expression levels of interleukin-10, interleukin-22, and interleukin-25 in immune organs of weaned piglets . Animal Nutrition , 2016 . 2 ( 2 ): 111 - 118 . DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.02.006 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2016.02.006 .
A K Jha , A K Pal , N P Sahu , S Kumar , S C Mukherjee . Haemato-immunological responses to dietary yeast RNA, ω-3 fatty acid and β-carotene in Catla catla juveniles . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2007 . 23 ( 5 ): 917 - 927 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.01.011 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2007.01.011 .
L Q Ji , S Z Fu , G X Sun , X Li , Y Liu . Dietary β-glucan modulate haematological parameters, cytokines and gene expression in TLR and ERK pathways of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) during infection by Aeromonas salmonicida . Aquaculture Research , 2020 . 51 ( 3 ): 906 - 917 . DOI: 10.1111/are.14436 http://doi.org/10.1111/are.14436 .
Z C Jia , Y T Zhong , J M Yan , Y D Lu , Y Song , J Y Chen , L S Zhang . Safety assessment of dietary bamboo charcoal powder: a 90-day subchronic oral toxicity and mutagenicity studies . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 2015 . 75 50 - 57 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.002 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.002 .
S L Li , A Wang , Z Q Li , J C Zhang , C Y Sang , N S Chen . Antioxidant defenses and non-specific immunity at enzymatic and transcriptional levels in response to dietary carbohydrate in a typical carnivorous fish, hybrid grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀× E. lanceolatus ♂) . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2020 . 100 109 - 116 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.015 .
Z Z Li , X M Wang , C X Chen , J W Gao , A J Lv . Transcriptome profiles in the spleen of African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) challenged with Aeromonas veronii . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2019 . 86 858 - 867 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.029 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.029 .
A Y Loo , K Jain , I Darah . Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of the pyroligneous acid from a mangrove plant, Rhizophora apiculata . Food Chemistry , 2007 . 104 ( 1 ): 300 - 307 . DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.048 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.048 .
S Marumoto , S P Yamamoto , H Nishimura , K Onomoto , M Yatagai , K Yazaki , T Fujita , T Watanabe . Identification of a germicidal compound against picornavirus in bamboo pyroligneous acid . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 2012 . 60 ( 36 ): 9 106 - 9 111 . DOI: 10.1021/jf3021317 http://doi.org/10.1021/jf3021317 .
E J Nya , B Austin . Use of dietary ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, as an immunostimulant to control Aeromonas hydrophila infections in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) . Journal of Fish Diseases , 2009 . 32 ( 10 ): 971 - 977 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01101.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01101.x .
A Oliva-Teles . Nutrition and health of aquaculture fish . Journal of Fish Diseases , 2012 . 35 ( 2 ): 83 - 108 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01333.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01333.x .
W Y Qin , L N Gan , L Dong , L H Yu , S L Wu , W B Bao . Effect of bamboo vinegar powder on the expression of the immune-related genes MyD88 and CD14 in weaning piglets . Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences , 2018 . 21 ( 3 ): 525 - 532 . DOI: 10.24425/124286 http://doi.org/10.24425/124286 .
S Quaik , A Embrandiri , B Ravindran , K Hossain , N A Al-Dhabi , M V Arasu , S Ignacimuthu , N Ismail . Veterinary antibiotics in animal manure and manure laden soil: scenario and challenges in Asian countries . Journal of King Saud University — Science , 2020 . 32 ( 2 ): 1 300 - 1 305 . DOI: 10.1016/jjksus.2019.11.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/jjksus.2019.11.015 .
J Rattanawut , O Pimpa , K E Yamauchi . Effects of dietary bamboo vinegar supplementation on performance, eggshell quality, ileal microflora composition, and intestinal villus morphology of laying hens in the late phase of production . Animal Science Journal , 2018 . 89 ( 11 ): 1 572 - 1 580 . DOI: 10.1111/asj.13080 http://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13080 .
J Rattanawut , A Todsadee , K E Yamauchi . Effects of bamboo charcoal powder including vinegar supplementation on performance, eggshell quality, alterations of intestinal villi and intestinal pathogenic bacteria populations of aged laying hens . Italian Journal of Animal Science , 2017 . 16 ( 2 ): 259 - 265 . DOI: 10.1080/1828051X.2017.1283544 http://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2017.1283544 .
J Rattanawut , D Trairabeap , S J Karrila , P Rodjan , Y Theapparat . Production performance, egg quality, and fecal bacterial population of laying ducks fed ration supplemented by bamboo vinegar . Tropical Animal Science Journal , 2019 . 42 ( 3 ): 224 - 229 . DOI: 10.5398/tasj.2019.42.3.224 http://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2019.42.3.224 .
Y P Ren , D Ding , B P Pan , W J Bu . The TLR13-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway of Cyclina sinensis plays vital roles in innate immune responses . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2017 . 70 720 - 730 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.060 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.060 .
P Roberts , D L Jones . Critical evaluation of methods for determining total protein in soil solution . Soil Biologyand Biochemistry , 2008 . 40 ( 6 ): 1 485 - 1 495 . DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.01.001 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.01.001 .
J H Rong , Y Han , S J Zha , Y Tang , W Shi , X F Guan , X Y Du , M L He , G X Liu . Triterpene-enriched olive extract as an immunopotentiator in black sea bream ( Acanthopagrus schlegelii ) . Journal of Ocean University of China , 2020 . 19 ( 2 ): 428 - 438 . DOI: 10.1007/s11802-020-4232-8 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-020-4232-8 .
S Sahu , B K Das , B K Mishra , J Pradhan , N Sarangi . Effect of Allium sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila . Journal of Applied Ichthyology , 2007 . 23 ( 1 ): 80 - 86 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00785.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00785.x .
M Samanya , K E Yamauchi . Morphological demonstration of the stimulative effects of charcoal powder including wood vinegar compound solution on growth performance and intestinal villus histology in chickens . Journal of Poultry Science , 2002 . 39 ( 1 ): 42 - 55 . DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.39.42 http://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.39.42 .
S Saurabh , P K Sahoo . Lysozyme: an important defence molecule of fish innate immune system . Aquaculture Research , 2008 . 39 ( 3 ): 223 - 239 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01883.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01883.x .
H P Schmidt , N Hagemann , K Draper , C Kammann . The use of biochar in animal feeding . PeerJ , 2019 . 7 e7373 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7373 http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7373 .
W Shi , Y Han , X F Guan , J H Rong , W H Su , S J Zha , Y Tang , X Y Du , G X Liu . Fluoxetine suppresses the immune responses of blood clams by reducing haemocyte viability, disturbing signal transduction and imposing physiological stress . Science of The Total Environment , 2019 . 683 681 - 689 . DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.308 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.308 .
W Shi , S G Sun , Y Han , Y Tang , W S Zhou , X Y Du , G X Liu . Microplastics impair olfactory-mediated behaviors of goldfish Carassius auratus . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 2021 . 409 125016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.125016 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.125016 .
A K Siwicki , D P Anderson , G L Rumsey . Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects nonspecific immunity and protection against furunculosis . Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology , 1994 . 41 ( 1-2 ): 125 - 139 . DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90062-0 http://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(94)90062-0 .
W H Su , J H Rong , S J Zha , M C Yan , J Fang , G X Liu . Ocean acidification affects the cytoskeleton, lysozymes, and nitric oxide of hemocytes: a possible explanation for the hampered phagocytosis in blood clams, Tegillarca granosa . Frontiers in Physiology , 2018 . 9 619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00619 http://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00619 .
A D Talpur , M Ikhwanuddin . Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf dietary effects on the immunity response and disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer challenged with Vibrio harveyi . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2013 . 34 ( 1 ): 254 - 264 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.003 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.003 .
Y Tang , J H Rong , X F Guan , S J Zha , W Shi , Y Han , X Y Du , F Z Wu , W Huang , G X Liu . Immunotoxicity of microplastics and two persistent organic pollutants alone or in combination to a bivalve species . Environmental Pollution , 2020 . 258 113845 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113845 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113845 .
K Thanikachalam , M Kasi , X Rathinam . Effect of garlic peel on growth, hematological parameters and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Bloch) fingerlings . Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine , 2010 . 3 ( 8 ): 614 - 618 . DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645(10)60149-6 http://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(10)60149-6 .
A E Toranzo , B Magarinos , J L Romalde . A review of the main bacterial fish diseases in mariculture systems . Aquaculture , 2005 . 246 ( 1-4 ): 37 - 61 . DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.01.002 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.01.002 .
N Umasuthan , S D N K Bathige , W S Thulasitha , R G P T Jayasooriya , Y Shin , J Lee . Identification of a gene encoding a membrane-anchored toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5M) in Oplegnathus fasciatus that responds to flagellin challenge and activates NF-κB . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2017 . 62 276 - 290 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.020 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.020 .
H Van Doan , S H Hoseinifar , C Chitmanat , S Jaturasitha , M Paolucci , G Ashouri , M A O Dawood , M Á Esteban . The effects of Thai ginseng, Boesenbergia rotunda powder on mucosal and serum immunity, disease resistance, and growth performance of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) fingerlings . Aquaculture , 2019 . 513 734388 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734388 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734388 .
E L Wang , X Chen , K Y Wang , J Wang , D F Chen , Y Geng , W M Lai , X C Wei . Plant polysaccharides used as immunostimulants enhance innate immune response and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in fish . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2016 . 59 196 - 202 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.039 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.039 .
H F Wang , J L Wang , C Wang , W M Zhang , J X Liu , B Dai . Effect of bamboo vinegar as an antibiotic alternative on growth performance and fecal bacterial communities of weaned piglets . Livestock Science , 2012 . 144 ( 1-2 ): 173 - 180 . DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.11.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.11.015 .
X H Wang , C Smith , H Yin . Targeting Toll-like receptors with small molecule agents . Chemical Society Reviews , 2013 . 42 ( 12 ): 4 859 - 4 866 . DOI: 10.1039/C3CS60039D http://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60039D .
S Watarai , Tana . Eliminating the carriage of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in domestic fowls by feeding activated charcoal from bark containing wood vinegar liquid (Nekka-Rich) . Poultry Science , 2005 . 84 ( 4 ): 515 - 521 . DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.4.515 http://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.4.515 .
D J J Waugh , C Wilson . The interleukin-8 pathway in cancer . Clinical Cancer Research , 2008 . 14 ( 21 ): 6 735 - 6 741 . DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4843 http://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4843 .
G F Wiegertjes , R J M Stet , H K Parmentier , W B Van Muiswinkel . Immunogenetics of disease resistance in fish: a comparative approach . Developmental & Comparative Immunology , 1996 . 20 ( 6 ): 365 - 381 . DOI: 10.1016/S0145-305X(96)00032-8 http://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-305X(96)00032-8 .
Q M Wu , S Y Zhang , B X Hou , H J Zheng , W X Deng , D H Liu , W J Tang . Study on the preparation of wood vinegar from biomass residues by carbonization process . Bioresource Technology , 2015 . 179 98 - 103 . DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.026 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.026 .
D Xiang , J Yue , Y Lan , C Sha , S Ren , Y Li , M Li , C Wang . Evaluation of Mindray BC-5000 hematology analyzer: a new miniature 5-part WBC differential instrument . International Journal of Laboratory Hematology , 2015 . 37 ( 5 ): 597 - 605 . DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12370 http://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12370 .
K Yamauchi , J Ruttanavut , S Takenoyama . Effects of dietary bamboo charcoal powder including vinegar liquid on chicken performance and histological alterations of intestine . Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences , 2010 . 19 ( 2 ): 257 - 268 . DOI: 10.22358/jafs/66286/2010 http://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66286/2010 .
L Yan , I H Kim , K Huh . Influence of bamboo vinegar supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, blood characteristics, meat quality, fecal noxious gas content, and fecal microbial concentration in finishing pigs . Livestock Science , 2012 . 144 ( 3 ): 240 - 246 . DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.11.020 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.11.020 .
M E Yonar , S M Yonar , S Silici . Protective effect of propolis against oxidative stress and immunosuppression induced by oxytetracycline in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss , W.) . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2011 . 31 ( 2 ): 318 - 325 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.05.019 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2011.05.019 .
S M Yonar . Growth performance, haematological changes, immune response, antioxidant activity and disease resistance in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchusmykiss ) fed diet supplemented with ellagic acid . Fish & Shellfish Immunology , 2019 . 95 391 - 398 . DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.056 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.056 .
L H Yu , Z Peng , L Dong , S A Wang , L Y Ding , Y J Huo , H R Wang . Bamboo vinegar powder supplementation improves the antioxidant ability of the liver in finishing pigs . Livestock Science , 2018 . 211 80 - 86 . DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.004 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.004 .
Y B Yu , H J Park , J C Kang . Effects of dietary ascorbic acid on growth performance, hematological parameters, antioxidant and non-specific immune responses in starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus . Aquaculture Reports , 2020 . 18 100419 DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100419 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100419 .
S J Zha , J H Rong , X F Guan , Y Tang , Y Han , G X Liu . Immunotoxicity of four nanoparticles to a marine bivalve species, Tegillarca granosa . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 2019 . 377 237 - 248 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.071 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.071 .
R S Zhao , J P Yuan , T Jiang , J B Shi , C G Cheng . Application of bamboo charcoal as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of atrazine and simazine in environmental water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector . Talanta , 2008 . 76 ( 4 ): 956 - 959 . DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.04.029 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.04.029 .
W S Zhou , Y Han , Y Tang , W Shi , X Y Du , S G Sun , G X Liu . Microplastics aggravate the bioaccumulation of two waterborne veterinary antibiotics in an edible bivalve species: potential mechanisms and implications for human health . Environmental Science & Technology , 2020 . 54 ( 13 ): 8 115 - 8 122 . DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01575 http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01575 .
J Zou , G Wang , H Li , X H Yu , C K Tang . IgM natural antibody T15/E06 in atherosclerosis . Clinica Chimica Acta , 2020 . 504 15 - 22 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.024 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.024 .
0
Views
0
Downloads
0
CSCD
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
京公网安备11010802024621