Adolf J E, Bachvaroff T, Place A R. 2008. Cryptophyte abundance drives blooms of mixotrophic harmful algae: A hypothesis based on Karlodinium veneficum as a model system. Harmful Algae, 8: 119–128.

Andersen J M. 1974. Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets and the role of sediments in six shallow Danish lakes. Archiv. fur Hydrobiologia, 74: 528–550.

Anderson D M. 1989. Toxic algal bloom and red tides: a global perspective. In: Okaichi T, Anderson D M, Nemoto T eds. Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science and Technology. Elsevier. p.11–16.

Anderson D A, Burkholder J M, Cochlan W P, Glibert P M, Gobler C, Heil C, Kudela R, Parsons M T, Trainer V, Vargo G. 2008. Harmful algal blooms in the United States: Linkages to eutrophication. Harmful Algae, 8: 39–53.

Anderson D M, Glibert P M, Burkholder J M. 2002. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Nutrient sources, composition and consequences. Estuaries, 25: 562–584.

Armstrong-Howard M D, Cochlan W P, Ladizinsky N, Kudela R M. 2007. Nitrogenous preference of toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae) from field and laboratory experiments. Harmful Algae, 6: 206–217.

Bailey E M, Owens M, Boynton W R, Cornwell J C, Kiss E, Smail P W, Soulen H, Buck E, Ceballos M. 2006. Sediment Phosphorus Flux: pH Interactions in the Tidal Freshwater Potomac River Estuary, Final Report. Technical Report Series. No.TS-505-06-CBL Ref. No. [UMCES] CBL06-005 of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science.

Berg G M, Balode M, Purina I, Bekere S, Bechemin C, Maestrini S Y. 2003. Plankton community composition in relation to availability and uptake of oxidized and reduced nitrogen. Aq. Microb. Ecol., 30: 263–274.

Berg G M, Glibert P M, Lomas M W, Burford M. 1997. Organic nitrogen uptake and growth by the chrysophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens during a brown tide event. Mar. Biol., 129: 377–387.

Berg G M, Repeta D J, LaRoche J. 2002. Dissolved organic nitrogen hydrolysis rates in axenic cultures of Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae): Comparison with heterotrophic bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68: 401–404.

Berman T. 2001. The role of DON and the effect of N:P ratios on occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms: Implications from the outgrowth of Aphanizomenon in Lake Kinneret. Limnol. Oceanogr., 46: 443–447.

Bouwman A F, Beusen A H W, Billen G. 2009. Human alteration of the global nitrogen and phosphorus soil balances for the period 1970–2050. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23: GB0A04, doi:10.1029/2009GB003576.

Boyer J N, Fourqurean J W, Jones R D. 1999. Seasonal and long-term trends in the water quality of Florida Bay (1989–1997). Estuaries, 22: 417–430.

Boyer G L, Sullivan J J, Anderson R J, Harrison P J, Taylor F J R. 1987. Effects of nutrient limitation on toxin production and composition in the marine dinoflagellate Protogonyaulax tamarensis. Mar. Biol., 96: 123–128.

Burkholder J M. 2002. Cyanobacteria. In: Bitton G ed. Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. Wiley Publishers, New York. p.952–982.

Burkholder J M, Dickey D A, Kinder C, Reed R E, Mallin M A, Melia G, McIver M R, Cahoon L B, Brownie C, Deamer N, Springer J, Glasgow H Jr, Toms D, Smith J. 2006. Comprehensive trend analysis of nutrients and related variables in a large eutrophic estuary: A decadal study of anthropogenic and climatic influences. Limnol. Oceanogr., 51: 463–487.

Burkholder J M, Glasgow H B. 1997. Pfiesteria piscicida and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates: behavior, impacts and environmental controls. Limnol. Oceanogr., 42: 1 052–1 075.

Burkholder J M, Glasgow H B Jr, Deamer-Melia N J. 2001b. Overview and present status of the toxic Pfiesteria complex. Phycologia, 40: 186–214.

Burkholder J M, Glibert P M, Skelton H. 2008. Mixotrophy, a major mode of nutrition for harmful algal species in eutrophic waters. Harmful Algae, 8(1): 77–93.

Burkholder J M, Mallin M A, Glasgow H B, Larsen L M, McIver M R, Shank G C, Deamer-Melia N, Briley D S, Springer J, Touchette B W, Hannon E K. 1997. Impacts to a coastal river and estuary from rupture of a large swine waste holding lagoon. J. Environ. Quality, 26: 1 451–1 466.

Chróst R J. 1991. Environmental control of the synthesis and activity of aquatic microbial ectoenzymes. In: Chróst R J ed. Microbial Enzymes in Aquatic Environments. New York: Springer-Verlag. p.29–59.

Cloern J E. 2001. Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 210: 223–253.

Cochlan W P, Herndon J, Kudela R M. 2008. Inorganic and organic nitrogen uptake by the toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae). Harmful Algae, 8: 111–118.

Cochlan W P, Herndon J, Ladizinsky N L, Kudela R M. 2005. Nitrogen uptake by the toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis. GEOHAB Open Science Meeting: HABs and Eutrophication, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Collos Y, Gagne C, Laabir M, Vaquer A, Cecchi P, Souchu P. 2004. Nitrogenous nutrition of Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) in cultures and in Thau lagoon, southern France. J. Phycol., 40: 96–103.

Costanza J K, Marcinko S E, Goewer A E, Mitchell C E. 2008. Potential geographic distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition from intensive livestock production in North Carolina, USA. Sci. Total Environ., 398: 76–86.

Cotner J B, Sada R H, Bootsma H, Johengen T, Cavaletto J F, Gardner W S. 2000. Nutrient limitation of heterotrophic bacteria in Florida Bay. Estuaries, 23: 611–620.

Dodds W K. 2003. Misuse of inorganic N and soluble reactive P concentrations to indicate nutrient status of surface waters. J. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc., 22: 171–181.

Drake J C, Heaney S I. 1987. Occurrence of phosphorus and its potential remobilization in the littoral sediments of a productive English lake. Freshwat. Biol., 17: 513–23.

Dugdale R C, Wilkerson F P, Hogue V E, Marchi A. 2007. The role of ammonium and nitrate in spring bloom development in San Francisco Bay. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 73: 17–29.

Dumont E, Harrison J H, Kroeze C, Bakker E J, Seitzinger S P. 2005. Global distribution and sources of dissolved inorganic nitrogen export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit, global model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19: 1–14, doi:10.1029/2005GB002488.

Dyhrman S T. 2005. Ectoenzymes in Prorocentrum minimum. Harmful Algae, 4: 619–628.

Dyhrman S T, Ruttenberg K C. 2006. Presence and regulation of alkaline phosphatase in eukaryotic phytoplankton from the coastal ocean: Implications for dissolved organic phosphorus remineralization. Limnol. Oceanogr., 51: 1 381–1 390.

Finkel Z V, Beardall J, Flynn K J, Quiqq A, Rees T A, Raven J A. 2010. Phytoplankton in a changing world: Cells size and elemental stoichiometry. J. Plankt. Res., 32: 119–137.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2005. Current world fertilizer trends and outlook to 2009/2010. Rome. FAO Pubishers.

Fisher T R, Peele E R, Ammerman J W, Harding L W Jr. 1992. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 82: 51–63.

Fistarol G O, Legrand C, Granéli E. 2003. Allelopathic effect of Prynesium parvum on a natural planktonc ommunity. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 255: 115–125.

Flynn K J. 2002. Modeling marine phytoplankton growth under eutrophic conditions. J. Sea Res., 54: 92–103.

Flynn K J. 2010. Do external resource ratios matter? Implications for modeling eutrophication events and controlling harmful algal blooms. J. Marine Systems, 83: 170–180.

Flynn K, Franco J M, Fernández P, Reguera B, Zepata M, Wood G, Flynn K J. 1994. Changes in toxin content, biomass and pigments of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum during nitrogen refeeding and growth into nitrogen and phosphorus stress. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 111: 99–109.

Galloway J N, Cowling E B. 2002. Nitrogen and the world. Ambio., 31: 64–71.

Galloway J N, Cowling E B, Seitzinger S P, Socolow R H. 2002. Reactive nitrogen: Too much of a good thing? Ambio., 31: 60–63.

Glibert P M. 2010. Long-term changes in nutrient loading and stoichiometry and their relationships with changes in the food web and dominant pelagic fish species in the San Francisco Estuary, California. Rev. Fish. Sci., 18(2): 211–232.

Glibert P M, Allen J I, Bouwman L, Brown C, Flynn K J, Lewitus A, Madden C. 2010a. Modeling of HABs and eutrophication: status, advances, challenges. J. Mar. Systems, 83: 262–275

Glibert P M, Anderson D A, Gentien P, Granéli E, Sellner K G. 2005a. The global, complex phenomena of harmful algal blooms. Oceanography, 18(2): 136–147.

Glibert P M, Bronk D A. 1994. Release of dissolved organic nitrogen by the marine diazotrophic cyanobacteria, Trichodesmium spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60: 3 996–4 000.

Glibert P M, Burkholder J M. 2006. The complex relationships between increasing fertilization of the Earth, coastal eutrophication, and HAB proliferation. In: Granéli E, Turner J eds. The Ecology of Harmful Algae. Springer-Verlag, New York, p.341–354.

Glibert P M, Burkholder J M, Kana T M, Alexander J A, Schiller C, Skelton H. 2009. Grazing by Karenia brevis on Synechococcus enhances their growth rate and may help to sustain blooms. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 55: 17–30.

Glibert P M, Conley D J, Fisher T R, Harding L W Jr., Malone T C. 1995. Dynamics of the 1990 winter/spring bloom in Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 122: 22–43.

Glibert P M, Harrison J, Heil C, Seitzinger S. 2006a. Escalating worldwide use of urea—a global change contributing to coastal eutrophication. Biogeochemistry, 77: 441–463.

Glibert P M, Heil C A, Hollander D, Revilla M, Hoare A, Alexander J, Murasko S. 2004. Evidence for dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus uptake during a cyanobacterial bloom in Florida Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 280: 73–83.

Glibert P M, Heil C A, O’Neil J M, Dennison W C, O’Donohue M J H. 2006b. Nitrogen, phosphorus, silica and carbon in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia: Differential limitation of phytoplankton biomass and production. Estuaries and Coasts, 29: 107–119.

Glibert P M, Legrand C. 2006. The diverse nutrient strategies of HABs: Focus on osmotrophy. In: Granéli E, Turner J eds. Ecology of Harmful Algae. Springer. p.163–176.

Glibert P M, Magnien R, Lomas M W, Alexander J, Fan C, Haramoto E, Trice T M, Kana T M. 2001. Harmful algal blooms in the Chesapeake and Coastal Bays of Maryland, USA: Comparisons of 1997, 1998, and 1999 events. Estuaries, 24: 875–883.

Glibert P M, Seitzinger S, Heil CA, Burkholder J M, Parrow M W, Codispoti L A, Kelly V. 2005b. The role of eutrophication in the global proliferation of harmful algal blooms: new perspectives and new approaches. Oceanography, 18(2): 198–209.

Glibert P M, Wazniak C E, Hall M, Sturgis B. 2007. Seasonal and interannual trends in nitrogen and brown tide in Maryland’s Coastal Bays. Ecol. Appl., 17(S): S79–S87.

Gobler C J, Lonsdale D J, Boyer G L. 2005. A synthesis and review of causes and impact of harmful brown tide blooms caused by the alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens. Estuaries, 28: 726–749.

Gobler C J, Renaghan M J, Buck N J. 2002. Impacts of nutrients and grazing mortality on the abundance of Aureococcus anophagefferens during a New York brown tide bloom. Limnol. Oceanogr., 47: 129–141.

Granéli E. 2005. Harmful algal blooms. In: Wassmann P, Olli K eds. Drainage Basin Inputs and Eutrophication: An Integrated Approach. University of Tromsø, Norway, p.99–112. www.ut.ee/~olli/eutr/.

Granéli E, Anderson D M, Carlsson P, Maestrini S Y. 1997. Light and dark carbon uptake by Dinophysis species in comparison to other photosynthetic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 13: 177–186.

Granéli E, Carlsson P, Legrand C. 1999. The role of C, N and P in dissolved and particulate matter as a nutritional source for phytoplankton growth, including toxic species. Aquat. Ecol., 33: 17–27.

Granéli E, Flynn K. 2006. Chemical and physical factors influencing toxin content. In: Granéli E, Turner J T eds. Ecology of harmful algae. Springer. The Netherlands. p.229–241.

Granéli E, Johansson N, Panosso R. 1998. Cellular toxin contents in relation to nutrient conditions for different groups of phycotoxins. In: Reguera B, Blanco J, Fernandez M L, Wyatt T eds. Harmful Algae. Paris, France: Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. p.321–324.

Granéli E, Hansen P J. 2006. Allelopathy in harmful algae: A mechanism to compete for resources? In: Granéli E, Turner J T eds. Ecology of harmful algae. Springer. The Netherlands. p.189–201.

Granéli E, Turner J T eds. 2006. Ecology of Harmful Algae. Springer. The Netherlands.

Hansen P J. 1998. Phagotrophic mechanisms and prey selection in mixotrophic phytoflagellates. In: Anderson D M, Cembella A D, Hallegraeff G M eds. Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms. NATO ASI Series G41, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. p.525–537.

Harris G P. 1986. Phytoplankton Ecology: Structure, Function and Fluctuation. Chapman and Hall, London.

Harrison J A, Caraco N, Seitzinger S P. 2005a. Global patterns and sources of dissolved organic matter export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit, global model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19: 1–16, doi:10.1029/2005GB002480.

Harrison J A, Seitzinger S P, Bouwman A F, Caraco N F, Beusen A H W, Vörösmarty C J. 2005b. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit, global model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19: 1–15, doi:10.1029/2004GB002357.

Hecky R E, Kilham P. 1988. Nutrient limitation in freshwater and marine environments: A review of recent evidence on the effects of enrichment. Limnol. Oceanogr., 33: 796–822.

Heil C A, Revilla M, Glibert P M, Murasko S. 2007. Nutrient quality drives phytoplankton community composition on the West Florida Shelf. Limnol. Oceanogr., 52: 1 067–1 078.

Heil C A, Glibert P M, Murasko S, Alexander J S. 2009. Size-fractionated alkaline phosphatase activity along a gradient of nitrogen to phosphorus limitation in a carbonate dominated subtropical estuary. Contrib. Mar. Sci., 38: 37–48.

Heisler J, Glibert P M, Burkholder J M, Anderson D A, Cochlan W P, Dennison W C, Dortch Q, Gobler C, Heil C A, Humphries E, Lewitus A, Magnien R, Marshall H, Sellner K, Stockwell D, Stoecker D, Suddleson M. 2008. Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: A scientific consensus. Harmful Algae, 8: 3–13.

Herndon J, Cochlan W P. 2007. Nitrogen utilization by the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo: growth and uptake kinetics in laboratory cultures. Harmful Algae, 6: 260–270.

Hodgkiss I J. 2001. The N:P ratio revisited. In: Ho K C, Wang Z D eds. Prevention and Management of Harmful Algal Blooms in the South China Sea. School of Science and Technology, the Open University of Hong Kong.

Hodgkiss I J, Ho K C. 1997. Are changes in N:P ratios in coastal waters the key to increased red tide blooms? Hydrobiologia, 852: 141–147.

Howarth R W. 2008. Coastal nitrogen pollution: A review of sources and trends globally and regionally. Harmful Algae, 8: 14–20.

Howarth R W, Ramakrishna K, Choi E, Elmgren R, Martinelli L, Mendoza A, Moomaw W, Palm C, Boy R, Scholes M, Z Z L. 2005. Nutrient management, responses assessment. In: Ecosystems and Human Well-being. Vol. 3, Policy Responses, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press. p.295–311.

Howarth R W, Sharpley A, Walker D. 2002. Sources of nutrient pollution to coastal waters in the United States: Implications for achieving coastal water quality goals. Estuaries, 25: 656–676.

Huang B, Ou L, Wang X, Huo W, Li R, Hong H, Zhu M, Qi Y. 2007. Alkaline phosphatase activity of phytoplankton in East China Sea coastal waters with frequent harmful algal bloom occurrences. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 49: 195–206.

Irigoien X, Flynn K J, Harris R P. 2005. Phytoplankton blooms: a “loophole” in microzooplankton grazing impact? J. Plank. Res., 27: 313–321.

Jensen H S, Andersen F O. 1992. Importance of temperature, nitrate, and pH for phosphate release from sediments of four shallow, eutrophic lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39: 577–589.

Jeong H J, Park J Y, Nho J H, Park M O, Ha J H, Seong K A, Jeng C, Seong C N, Lee K Y, Yih W H. 2005a. Feeding by red-tide dinoflagellates on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 41: 131–143.

Jeong H J, Yoo Y D, Kim T H, Kim J H, Kang N S, Yih W H. 2004. Mixotrophy in the phototrophic harmful alga Cochlodinium polykikoides (Dinophyceae): prey species, the effects of prey concentration and grazing impact. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 51: 563–569.

Jeong H J, Yoo Y D, Kim J S, Seong K A, Kang N S, Kim T H. 2010. Growth, feeding and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs. Ocean Sci. J., 45(2): 65–91.

Jeong H J, Yoo Y D, Park J Y, Song J Y, Kim S T, Lee S H, Kim K Y, Yih W H. 2005b. Feeding by phototrophic red-tide dinoflagellates: five species newly revealed and six species previously known to be mixotrophic. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 40: 133–150.

Jeong H J, Yoo Y D, Seong K A, Kim J H, Park J Y, Kim S, Lee S Y, Ha J H, Yih W H. 2005c. Feeding by the mixotrophic red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polygramma: mechanisms, prey species, effects of prey concentration, and grazing impact. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 38: 249–257.

Ji X Q, Han X T, Zheng L, Yu Z M, Yang B J, Zou J Z. 2011. Allelopathic interactions between Prorocentrum micans and Skeletonema costatum or Karenia mikimotoi in laboratory cultures. Chinese J. Oceanology Limnol., This issue.

Johansson N, Granéli E. 1999a. Cell density, chemical composition and toxicity of Chrysochromulina polylepis (Haptophyta) in relation to different N:P supply ratios. Mar. Biol., 135: 209–217.

Johansson N, Granéli E. 1999b. Influence of different nutrient conditions on cell density, chemical composition and toxicity of Prymnesium parvum (Haptophyta) in semi-continuous cultures. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 239: 243–258.

John E H, Flynn K J. 2002. Modelling changes in paralytic shellfish toxin content of dinoflagellates in response to nitrogen and phosphorus supply. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 225: 147–160.

Kana T M, Glibert P M. 1987. Effect of irradiances up to 2000 μE m−2 sec−1 on marine Synechococcus WH7803: I. Growth, pigmentation, and cell composition. Deep-Sea Res., 34: 479–495.

Karl D M, Björkman K M. 2001. Phosphorus cycle in seawater: Dissolved and particulate pool inventories and selected phosphorus fluxes. Methods in Microbiol., 30: 239–270.

Klausmeier C A, Litchman E, Daufresne T, Levin S A. 2004. Optimal N:P stoichiometry of phytoplankton. Nature, 429: 171–174.

Kudela R M, Cochlan W P. 2000. Nitrogen and carbon uptake kinetics and the influence of irradiance for a red bide bloom off southern California. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 21: 31–47.

Kudela R M, Lane J Q, Cochlan W P. 2008. The potential role of anthropogenically derived nitrogen in the growth of harmful algae in California, USA. Harmful Algae, 8(1): 103–110.

Legrand C, Rengefors K, Granéli E, Fistarol G O. 2003. Allelopathy in phytoplankton—biochemical, ecological and evolutionary aspects. Phycologia, 42: 406–419.

Lewitus A J. 2006. Osmotrophy in marine microalgae. In: Subba-Rao DV ed. Algal cultures, Analogues of blooms and applications. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA. p.343–383.

Lewitus A J, Burkholder J M, Glasgow H B Jr, Glibert P M, Willis B M, Hayes K C. 1999. Mixotrophy and nitrogen uptake by Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol., 35: 1 430–1 437.

Li H, Veldhuis M J W, Post A F. 1998. Alkaline phosphatase activities among planktonic communities in the northern Red Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 173: 107–115.

Li J, Glibert P M, Zhou M, Lu S, Lu D. 2009. Relationships between nitrogen and phosphorus forms and ratios and the development of dinoflagellate blooms in the East China Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 383: 11–26.

Lomas M W, Glibert P M, Berg G M, Burford M. 1996. Characterization of nitrogen uptake by natural populations of Aureococcus anophagefferens (Chrysophyceae) as a function of incubation duration, substrate concentration, light, and temperature. J. Phycol., 32: 907–916.

Lomas M W, Glibert P M, Clougherty D A, Huber D R, Jones J, Alexander J, Haramoto E. 2001. Elevated organic nutrient ratios associated with brown tide blooms of Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae). J. Plank. Res., 23: 1 339–1 344.

Lomas M W, Kana T M, MacIntyre H L, Cornwell J C, Nuzzi R, Waters R. 2004. Interannual variability of Aureococcus anophagefferens in Quantuck Bay, Long Island: natural test of the DON hypothesis. Harmful Algae, 3: 389–402.

Mallin M A. 2000. Impacts of industrial-scale swine and poultry production on rivers and estuaries. Amer. Scientist, 88: 26–37.

Merrett M J. 1991. Inorganic carbon transport in some marine microalgal species. Can. J. Bot., 69: 1 032–1 039.

Miller A G, Espie G S, Canvin D T. 1991. Active CO2 transport in cyanobacteria. Can. J. Bot., 69: 925–935.

Mitra A, Flynn K J. 2006. Promotion of harmful algal blooms by zooplankton predatory activity. Biol. Lett., 2: 194–197.

Mulholland M R, Bernhardt P W, Heil C A, Bronk D A, O’Neil J M. 2006. Nitrogen fixation and release of fixed nitrogen by Trichodesmium spp. in the Gulf of Mexico. Limnol. Oceanogr., 51: 1 762–1 776.

Mulholland M R, Glibert P M, Berg G M, Van Heukelem L, Pantoja S, Lee C. 1998. Extracellular amino acid oxidation by phytoplankton and cyanobacteria: a cross-ecosystem comparison. Aq. Microb. Ecol., 15: 141–152.

Mulholland M R, Gobler C J, Lee C. 2002. Peptide hydrolysis, amino acid oxidation, and nitrogen uptake in communities seasonally dominated by Aureococcus anophagefferens. Limnol. Oceanogr., 47: 1 094–1 108.

Mulholland M R, Heil C A, Bronk D A, O’Neil J M, Bernhardt P. 2004. Does nitrogen regeneration from the N2 fixing cynaobacteria Trichodesmium spp. fuel Karenia brevis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico? In: Steidinger K A, Landsberg J H, Tomas C R, Vargo G A eds. Harmful Algae 2002. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. p.47–49.

Mulholland M R, Lee C, Glibert P M. 2003. Extracellular enzyme activity and uptake of carbon and nitrogen along an estuarine nutrient and salinity gradient. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 258: 3–17.

Murrell M C, Lores E M. 2004. Phytoplankton and zooplankton seasonal dynamics in a subtropical estuary: importance of cyanobacteria. J. Plankt. Res., 26: 371–382.

National Research Council (NRC). 2000. Clean Coastal Waters—Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Nygaard K, Tobiesen A. 1993. Bacterivory in algae: a survival strategy during nutrient limitation. Limnol. Oceanogr., 38: 273–279.

Oh H M, Lee S J, Jang M H, Yoon B D. 2000. Microcystin production by Microcystis aeruginosa in a phosphorus-limited chemostat. Appl. Envir. Microbiol., 66: 176–179.

Oh H M, Lee S J, Kim J H, Kim H S, Yoon B D. 2001. Seasonal variation and indirect monitoring of microcystin concentrations in Daechung Reservoir, Korea. Appl. Envir. Microbiol., 67: 1 484–1 489.

Paerl H W, Fulton R S, Moisander P H, Dyble J. 2001. Harmful freshwater algal blooms, with an emphasis on cyanobacteria. The Scientific World, 1: 76–113.

Palenik B, Morel F M M. 1990. Comparison of cell-surface L-amino acid oxidases from several marine phytoplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 59: 195–201.

Palenik B, Brahamsha B, Larimer F W, Land M, Hauser L, Chain P, Lamerdin J, Regala W, Allen E E, McCarren J, Paulsen I, Dufresne A, Partensky F, Webb E A, Waterbury J. 2003. The genome of a motile marine Synechococcus. Nature, 424: 1 037–1 042.

Parrow M W, Burkholder J M. 2003. Estuarine heterotrophic cryptoperidiniopsoids (Dinophyceae): Life cycle and culture studies. J. Phycol., 39: 678–696.

Price G D, Badger M R. 1991. Evidence for the role of carboxysomes in the cyanobacterial CO2-concentrating mechanism. Can. J. Bot., 69: 963–973.

Ratti S, Giordano M, Morse D. 2007. CO2-concentrating mechanisms of the potentially toxic dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales). J. Phycol., 43: 693–701.

Raven J A, Johnston A M. 1991. Mechanisms of inorganic carbon acquisition in marine phytoplankton and their implications for the use of other resources. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36: 1 701–1 714.

Redfield A C. 1934. On the proportions of organic derivatives in sea water and their relation to the composition of plankton. In: James Johnstone Memorial Volume. Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press. p.176–192

Redfield A C. 1958. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. Amer. Scientist, 46: 205–221.

Rhee G Y. 1978. Effects of N:P atomic ratios and nitrate limitation on algal growth, cell composition and nitrate uptake. Limnol. Oceanogr., 23: 10–25.

Romdhane M S, Eilertsen H C, Yahia O K D, Yahia M N D. 1998. Toxic dinoflagellate blooms in Tunisian lagoons: Causes and consequences for aquaculture. In: Reguera B, Blance J, Fernandez M L, Wyatt T eds. Harmful Algae. Xunta de Galicia and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France. p.80–83.

Rothenberger M A, Burkholder J M, Wentworth T. 2009. Multivariate analysis of phytoplankton and environmental factors in a eutrophic estuary. Limnol. Oceanogr., 54: 2 107–2 127.

Schindler D W. 1977. Evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes. Science, 196: 260–262.

Seitzinger S P. 1991. The effect of pH on the release of phosphorus from Potomac Estuary sediments: Implications for blue-green algal blooms. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci., 33: 409–418.

Seitzinger S P, Harrison J A, Dumont E, Beusen A H W, Bouwman A F. 2005. Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous to the coastal zone: An overview of global nutrient export from watersheds (NEWS) models and their application. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19: 9, doi:10.1029/2005GB002606, 1–11.

Seitzinger S P, Kroeze C. 1998. Global distribution of nitrous oxide production and N inputs in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 12: 93–113.

Seitzinger S P, Kroeze C, Bouwman A F, Caraco N, Dentener F, Styles R V. 2002. Global patterns of dissolved inorganic and particulate nitrogen inputs to coastal systems: Recent conditions and future projections. Estuaries, 25: 640–655.

Seitzinger S P, Mayorga E, Kroeze C, Bouwman A F, Beusen A H W, Billen G, Van Drecht G, Dumont E, Fekete B M, Garnier J, Harrison J, Wisser D, Wollheim W M. 2009. Global nutrient river export trajectories 1970–2050: A Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenario analysis. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2009GB003587.

Seong K A, Jeong H J, Kim S, Kim G H, Kang J H. 2006. Bacterivory by co-occurring red-tide algae, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, and ciliates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 322: 85–97.

Skelton H M, Parrow M W, Burkholder J M. 2006. Phosphatase activity in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria shumwayae (Dinophyceae). Harmful Algae, 5: 395–406.

Smayda T J. 1990. Novel and nuisance phytoplankton blooms in the sea: Evidence for a global epidemic. In: Granéli E, Sundstrom B, Edler L, Anderson DM eds, Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. Elsevier, New York. p.29–40.

Smayda T J. 1997. Harmful phytoplankton blooms: their ecophysiology and general relevance. Limnol. Oceanogr., 42: 1 137–1 153.

Smil V. 2001. Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food. The MIT Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Smith V H. 1983. Low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios favor dominance by blue-green algae in lake phytoplankton. Science, 221: 669–671.

Smith V H. 1990. Nitrogen, phosphorus and nitrogen fixation in lacustrine and estuarine ecosystems. Limnol. Oceanogr., 35: 1 852–1 859.

Solomon C M, Collier J L, Berg G M, Glibert P M. 2010. Role of urea in microbes in aquatic systems: a biochemical and molecular review. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 59: 67–88.

Stephens D W, Krebs J R. 1986. Foraging Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

Stibor H, Sommer U. 2003. Mixotrophy of a photosynthetic flagellate viewed from an optimal foraging perspective. Protist., 154: 91–98.

Stoecker D. 1999. Mixotrophy among dinoflagellates. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 46: 397–401.

Stoecker D K, Gustafson D E Jr. 2003. Cell-surface proteolytic activity of photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 30: 175–183.

Stoecker D K, Tillmann U, Granéli E. 2006. Phagotrophy in harmful algae. In: Granéli E, Turner J T eds. Ecology of Harmful Algae. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. p.177–187.

Sterner R W, Elser J J. 2002. Ecological Stoichiometry: The Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Tarran G A, Burkhill P H, Edwards E S, Woodward E M S. 1999. Phytoplankton community structure in the Arabian Sea during and after the SW monsoon 1994. Deep-Sea Res. II, 46: 655–676.

Tilman D. 1977. Resource competition between planktonic algae: an experimental and theoretical approach. Ecology, 58: 338–348.

Trainer V L, Le Eberhart B T, Wekell J C, Adams N G, Hanson L, Cox F, Dowell J. 2003. Paralytic shellfish toxins in Puget Sound, Washington. J. Shellfish Res., 22: 213–223.

Uchida T. 1992. Alkaline phosphatase and nitrate reductase activities in Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg. Bull. Plank. Soc. Japan, 38: 85–92.

Uchida T. 2001. The role of cell contact in the life cycle of some dinoflagellate species. J. Plankt. Res., 23: 889–891.

Van de Waal D B, Tonk L, Van Donk E, Matthijs H C P, Visser P S, Huisman J. 2010. Climate change and the impact of C:N stoichiometry on toxin production by harmful cyanobacteria. 14th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Hersonissos-Crete, Greece, November 2010. Abstract.

Van de Waal D B, Verspagen J M, Lurling M, Van Donk E, Visser P M, Huisman J. 2009. The ecological stoichiometry of toxins produced by harmful cyanobacteria: An experimental test of the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis. Ecol. Lett., 12: 1 326–1 335.

Van Drecht G, Bouwman A F, Harrison J, Knoop J M. 2009. Global nitrogen and phosphate in urban waste water for the period 1970–2050. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23: GB0A03, doi:10.1029/2009GB003458.

Van Mooey B A S, Fredricks H F, Pedler B E, Dyhrman S T, Karl D M, Koblizek M, Lomas M W, Mincer T J, Moore L R, Moutin T, Rappe M S, Webb E A. 2009. Phytoplankton in the ocean use non-phosphorus lipids in response to phosphorus scarcity. Nature, 458: 69–72.

Van Nieuwenhuyse E. 2007. Response of summer chlorophyll concentration to reduced total phosphorus concentration in the Rhine River (Netherlands) and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California, USA). Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sciences, 64: 1 529–1 542.

Walsh J, Steidinger K. 2001. Saharan dust and Florida red tides: the cyanophyte connection. J. Geophys. Res., 106: 11 597–11 612

Wassmann P. 2005. Cultural eutrophication: perspectives and prospects. In: Wassmann P, Olli K eds. Drainage Basin Inputs and Eutrophication: An Integrated Approach. University of Tromso, Norway. p.224–234. www.ut.ee/~olli/eutr/.

Wetzel R G. 2001. Limnology, 3rd Edition. Academic Press, New York.

Xie L Q, Xie P, Tang H J. 2003. Enhancement of dissolved phosphorus release from sediment to lake water by Microcystis blooms—an enclosure experiment in a hypereutrophic, subtropical Chinese lake. Envir. Poll., 122: 391–399.

Zhou M J, Yan T, Zou J Z. 2003. Preliminary analyses of the characteristics of red tide areas in Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent sea. Chinese J. Appl. Ecol., 14: 1 031–1 038. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Zillén L, Conley D J. 2010. Hypoxia and cyanobacterial blooms are not natural features of the Baltic Sea. Biogeosciences Discuss. 7: 1 783–1 812.