Toxicity variability in <italic style="font-style: italic">Alexandrium</italic> <italic style="font-style: italic">pacificum</italic> isolated from East China Sea: impact of temperature and light intensity

Xuexia ZHU; Tianchi YIN; Min PANG; Jun WANG

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Toxicity variability in Alexandrium pacificum isolated from East China Sea: impact of temperature and light intensity

Ecology | Updated：2025-02-19

- Toxicity variability in Alexandrium pacificum isolated from East China Sea: impact of temperature and light intensity
- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology Vol. 43, Issue 1, Pages: 147-158(2025)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, Qingdao 266061, China
  2.College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
  3.College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
- Author bio：
  
  junwang1990@yzu.edu.cn
- Funds：
- DOI：
  CLC：
- Received：21 February 2024，
  
  Published：01 January 2025
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
ZHU Xuexia,YIN Tianchi,PANG Min,et al.Toxicity variability in Alexandrium pacificum isolated from East China Sea: impact of temperature and light intensity[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2025,43(01):147-158.
DOI：

ZHU Xuexia,YIN Tianchi,PANG Min,et al.Toxicity variability in Alexandrium pacificum isolated from East China Sea: impact of temperature and light intensity[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2025,43(01):147-158. DOI：

摘要

Abstract

Suitable tempera

ture and light intensity play important roles in the formation of harmful algae blooms (HABs)

which can pose serious threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study

we measured the growth

physiological function

and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) production of

Alexandrium

pacificum

(CCMA-272)

a strain isolated from East China Sea

at different temperatures (15

and 25 °‍‍C) and light intensities (30

and 90 μmol photons/(m

·s)). Results indicate that temperature and light intensity significantly affected the growth

physiology

and toxigenic potentials of

pacificum

. The optimal conditions for the growth of

pacificum

were observed at 20 °‍‍C under 60 μmol photons/(m

·s). Regarding the production of PSTs

this strain of

pacificum

produced 12 PSTs

including carbamate toxins: saxitoxin (STX)

neosaxitoxin (NEO)

and gonyautoxin 1‍‍‍–‍4 (GTX1

GTX2

GTX3

GTX4); dicarbamoyl toxins: dicarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX)

dicarbamoylgonyautoxin 2

3 (dcGTX2

dcGTX3); and N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins: N-sulfocarbamoylgonyautoxin 1

2 (C1

C2)

and gonyautoxin 5 (GTX5). Among all the PSTs

C2 was the most abundant. Low temperature (15 °‍‍C) and high light intensity (90 μmol photons/(m

·s)) were beneficial for the production of PSTs in

pacificum

. When cultured at 20 and 25 °‍‍C

pacificum

generated comparable total quantities of PSTs

yet the toxicity levels were lower at 25 °‍‍C. Intra-cellular PSTs contents were greater than extra-cellular PSTs contents

except those under the condition of 25 °‍‍C with 30 μmol photons/(m

·s). However

as the increase of temperature

pacificum

released more amounts of analogues with higher toxicity levels (e.‍g.

STX and dcGTX

) into the environment than intracellular

ly. These findings emphasize the significant sensitivity of

pacificum

to temperature and light intensity

highlighting the importance of evaluating both intra-cellular and extra-cellular PSTs for assessing its toxicity and aiding in the prediction and management of HABs.

关键词

Keywords

references

Abassi S , Kim H S , Bui Q T N et al . 2023 . Effects of nitrate on the saxitoxins biosynthesis revealed by sxt genes in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum (group Ⅳ) . Harmful Algae , 127 : 102473 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2023.102473 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2023.102473 .

Adachi M , Sake Y , Ishida Y . 1996 . Analysis of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) species using sequences of the 5.8S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer regions . Journal of Phycology , 32 ( 3 ): 424 - 432 , https://doi.‍‍org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00424.x https://doi.‍‍org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00424.x . https://do 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00424.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00424.x

Anderson D M , Fachon E , Pickart R S et al . 2021a . Evidence for massive and recurrent toxic blooms of Alexandrium catenella in the Alaskan Arctic . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 118 ( 41 ): e2107387118 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2021.101975 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2021.101975 .

Anderson D M , Fensin E , Gobler C J et al . 2021b . Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States: history, current status and future trends . Harmful Algae , 102 : 101975 , https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107387118 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107387118 .

Anderson D M , Kulis D M , Sullivan J J et al . 1990 . Dynamics and physiology of saxitoxin production by the dinoflagellates Alexandrium spp . Marine Biology , 104 ( 3 ): 511 - 524 , https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01314358 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01314358 .

Brandenburg K M , Velthuis M , Van de Waal D B . 2019 . Meta-analysis reveals enhanced growth of marine harmful algae from temperate regions with warming and elevated CO 2 levels . Global Change Biology , 25 ( 8 ): 2607 - 2618 , https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14678 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14678 .

Chen X Y , Tung K K . 2018 . Global surface warming enhanced by weak Atlantic overturning circulation . Nature , 559 ( 7714 ): 387 - 391 , https://doi‍.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0320-y https://doi‍.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0320-y . https://do 10.1038/s41586-018-0320-y http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0320-y

Dai Y H , Yang S B , Zhao D et al . 2023 . Coastal phytoplankton blooms expand and intensify in the 21st century . Nature , 615 ( 7951 ): 280 - 284 , https://doi.‍org/10.1038/s41586-023-05760-y https://doi.‍org/10.1038/s41586-023-05760-y . https://do 10.1038/s41586-023-05760-y http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05760-y

Farabegoli F , Blanco L , Rodríguez L P et al . 2018 . Phycotoxins in marine shellfish: origin, occurrence and effects on humans . Marine Drugs , 16 ( 6 ): 188 , https://doi.org/10.3390/md16060188 https://doi.org/10.3390/md16060188 .

Garcı́a C , del Carmen Bravo M , Lagos M et al . 2004 . Paralytic shellfish poisoning: post-mortem analysis of tissue and body fluid samples from human victims in the Patagonia fjords . Toxicon , 43 ( 2 ): 149 - 158 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.018 .

Glibert P M , Icarus Allen J , Artioli Y et al . 2014 . Vulnerability of coastal ecosystems to changes in harmful algal bloom distribution in response to climate change: projections based on model analysis . Global Change Biology , 20 ( 12 ): 3845 - 3858 , https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12662 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12662 .

Gu H F , Wu Y R , Lü S H et al . 2022 . Emerging harmful algal bloom species over the last four decades in China . Harmful Algae , 111 : 102059 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2021.102059 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2021.102059 .

Gu H F , Zeng N , Liu T T et al . 2013 . Morphology, toxicity, and phylogeny of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) species along the coast of China . Harmful Algae , 27 : 68 - 81 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2013.05.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2013.05.008 .

Guan W C , Si R R , Li X et al . 2018 . Interactive effect of nitrogen source and high CO 2 concentration on the growth of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense and its toxicity to zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryos . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 133 : 626 - 635 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.024 .

Guillard R R L . 1975 . Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates . In: Smith W L, Chanley M H eds. Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals . Springer, New York . p. 29 - 60 , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8714-9_3 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8714-9_3 .

Hallegraeff G M , Anderson D M , Belin C et al . 2021 . Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts . Communications Earth & Environment , 2 : 117 , https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00178-8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00178-8 .

Han M , Lee H , Anderson D M et al . 2016 . Paralytic shellfish toxin production by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum (Chinhae Bay, Korea) in axenic, nutrient-limited chemostat cultures and nutrient-enriched batch cultures . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 104 ( 1-2 ): 34 - 43 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.057 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.057 .

Jiang Z B , Liu J J , Chen J F et al . 2014 . Responses of summer phytoplankton community to drastic environmental changes in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary during the past 50 years . Water Research , 54 : 1 - 11 , https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.032 https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.032 . https://do 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.032 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.032

Laabir M , Collos Y , Masseret E et al . 2013 . Influence of environmental factors on the paralytic shellfish toxin content and profile of Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) isolated from the Mediterranean Sea . Marine Drugs , 11 ( 5 ): 1583 - 1601 , https://doi.‍org/10.3390/md11051583 https://doi.‍org/10.3390/md11051583 . https://do 10.3390/md11051583 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md11051583

Lian Z R , Li F , He X P et al . 2022 . Rising CO 2 will increase toxicity of marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 431 : 128627 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128627 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128627 .

Liu L J , Chen J H , He X P et al . 2020 . First determination of extracellular paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the culture medium of toxigenic dinoflagellates by HILIC‍‍‍-HRMS . Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 204 : 111042 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111042 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111042 .

McKenzie C H , Bates S S , Martin J L et al . 2021 . Three decades of Canadian marine harmful algal events: phytoplankton and phycotoxins of concern to human and ecosystem health . Harmful Algae , 102 : 101852 , https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101852 https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101852 . https://do 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101852 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101852

Min J , Kim K Y . 2023 . Seasonal change and subniche dynamics of three Alexandrium species in the Korea Strait . Harmful Algae , 125 : 102420 , https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.hal.2023.102420 https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.hal.2023.102420 . https://do 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102420 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2023.102420

Murata A , Nagashima Y , Taguchi S . 2012 . N:P ratios controlling the growth of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense : content and composition of paralytic shellfish poison . Harmful Algae , 20 : 11 - 18 , https://doi.‍‍org/10.1016/j.hal.2012.07.001 https://doi.‍‍org/10.1016/j.hal.2012.07.001 . https://do 10.1016/j.hal.2012.07.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2012.07.001

Navarro J M , Muñoz M G , Contreras A M . 2006 . Temperature as a factor regulating growth and toxin content in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella . Harmful Algae , 5 ( 6 ): 762 - 769 , https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.hal.2006.04.001 https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.hal.2006.04.001 . https://do 10.1016/j.hal.2006.04.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2006.04.001

Oshima Y . 1995 . Postcolumn derivatization liquid chromatographic method for paralytic shellfish toxins . Journal of AOAC International , 78 ( 2 ): 528 - 532 , https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.2.528 https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.2.528 .

Pan L , He X P , Chen J H et al . 2023 . Detection, occurrence, influencing factors and environmental risks of paralytic shellfish toxins in seawater in a typical mariculture bay . Chemosphere , 313 : 137372 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137372 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137372 .

Ralph P J , Gademann R . 2005 . Rapid light curves: a powerful tool to assess photosynthetic activity . Aquatic Botany , 82 ( 3 ): 222 - 237 , https://doi.org/10.1016/.aquabot.2005.02.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/.aquabot.2005.02.006 .

Raposo M I C , Gomes M T S R , Botelho M J et al . 2020 . Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST)-transforming enzymes: a review . Toxins , 12 ( 5 ): 344 , https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050344 https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050344 .

Reis Costa P . 2016 . Impact and effects of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins derived from harmful algal blooms to marine fish . Fish and Fisheries , 17 ( 1 ): 226 - 248 , https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12105 https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12105 .

Ritchie R J . 2006 . Consistent sets of spectrophotometric chlorophyll equations for acetone, methanol and ethanol solvents . Photosynthesis Research , 89 ( 1 ): 27 - 41 , https://doi.‍org/10.1007/s11120-006-9065-9 https://doi.‍org/10.1007/s11120-006-9065-9 . https://do 10.1007/s11120-006-9065-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-006-9065-9

Seifert M , Rost B , Trimborn S et al . 2020 . Meta-analysis of multiple driver effects on marine phytoplankton highlights modulating role of p CO 2 . Global Change Biology , 26 ( 12 ): 6787 - 6804 , https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15341 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15341 .

Suikkanen S , Kremp A , Hautala H et al . 2013 . Paralytic shellfish toxins or spirolides? The role of environmental and genetic factors in toxin production of the Alexandrium ostenfeldii complex . Harmful Algae , 26 : 52 - 59 , https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HAL.2013.04.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HAL.2013.04.001 .

Tang W J , Lin Z R , Zhang Q C et al . 2022 . An investigation on Bloom Dynamics of Alexandrium catenella and A . Pacificum and toxin accumulation in shellfish along the coast of Qinhuangdao, China . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 183 : 114058 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114058 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114058 .

Tatters A O , Flewelling L J , Fu F X et al . 2013 . High CO 2 promotes the production of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by Alexandrium catenella from Southern California waters . Harmful Algae , 30 : 37 - 43 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2013.08.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2013.08.007 .

Tobin E D , Wallace C L , Crumpton C et al . 2019 . Environmental drivers of paralytic shellfish toxin producing Alexandrium catenella blooms in a fjord system of northern Southeast Alaska . Harmful Algae , 88 : 101659 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.101659 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.101659 .

Tse S P K , Lee F W F , Mak D Y L et al . 2020 . Production of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in toxic Alexandrium catenella is intertwined with photosynthesis and energy production . Toxins , 12 ( 8 ): 477 , https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080477 https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080477 .

Wang D Z , Zhang S F , Zhang Y et al . 2016 . Paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis in cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates: a molecular overview . Journal of Proteomics , 135 : 132 - 140 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2015.08.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2015.08.008 .

Wang D Z , Zhang S G , Gu H F et al . 2006 . Paralytic shellfish toxin profiles and toxin variability of the genus Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) isolated from the Southeast China Sea . Toxicon , 48 ( 2 ): 138 - 151 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.04.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.04.002 .

Wang H , Kim H , Park H et al . 2022 . Temperature influences the content and biosynthesis gene expression of saxitoxins (STXs) in the toxigenic dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum . Science of the Total Environment , 802 : 149801 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149801 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149801 .

Wells M L , Trainer V L , Smayda T J et al . 2015 . Harmful algal blooms and climate change: learning from the past and present to forecast the future . Harmful Algae , 49 : 68 - 93 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.07.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.07.009 .

Wu H Y , Dong C F , Zheng G C et al . 2022 . Formation mechanism and environmental drivers of Alexandrium catenella bloom events in the coastal waters of Qinhuangdao, China . Environmental Pollution , 313 : 120241 , https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120241 https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120241 . https://do 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120241 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120241

Xie W C , Li M , Song L et al . 2020 . Biocompatibility of Alexandrium minutum in the growth and paralytic shellfish toxins production under five cultivation methods . Toxicon , 182 : 59 - 65 , https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.005 https://doi.‍org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.005 . https://do 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.005

Xu J Y , Kiørboe T . 2018 . Toxic dinoflagellates produce true grazer deterrents . Ecology , 99 ( 10 ): 2240 - 2249 , https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2479 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2479 .

Zhou M J , Shen Z L , Yu R C . 2008 . Responses of a coastal phytoplankton community to increased nutrient input from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River . Continental Shelf Research , 28 ( 12 ): 1483 - 1489 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.02.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.02.009 .

Zhu Z M , Qi J , Zhang Q Y et al . 2023 . H 3 K 79 methylation promotes rapid growth of Alexandrium pacificum under high light intensity via increased photosynthesis . Science of the Total Environment , 893 : 164788 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164788 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164788 .

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Experimental analysis on the optimal spectral index for the risk assessment of red tide occurrence

Effect of extracellular polymeric substances on Dolichospermum aggregation during temperature rise

Newly recorded bloom-forming dinoflagellate Gymnodinium impudicum in Haizhou Bay, Yellow Sea, China

Is the dinoflagellate Takayama xiamenensis a synonym of Takayama acrotrocha (Kareniaceae, Dinophyceae)?

Influence of Structural Parameters of Diversion Cone on Smooth Effect of Gas Ejection Bottom Pressure Impact

Related Author

Ming XIE

Mian QIN

Ying LI

Zhichen LIU

Tao GOU

Dailan DENG

Han MENG

You MA

Related Institution

Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University

College of Marine Electrical Engineering, Dalian Maritime University

School of Environment, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University

Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics

Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation

Address：Editorial Office of JOL, 88 Haijun Rd. Qingdao, 266000, China
Tel：+86-532-82898754 Email：jol@qdio.ac.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备09064830号-19 京公网安备11010802024621
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰

Toxicity variability in Alexandrium pacificum isolated from East China Sea: impact of temperature and light intensity

DOI：

摘要

Abstract

关键词

Keywords

references