Paleosalinity reconstruction in offshore lacustrine basins based on elemental geochemistry: a case study of Middle-Upper Eocene Shahejie Formation, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin

Long SUN; Shenghe WU; Dali YUE; Wenfu CUI

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Paleosalinity reconstruction in offshore lacustrine basins based on elemental geochemistry: a case study of Middle-Upper Eocene Shahejie Formation, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin

Geology | Updated：2024-10-11

- Paleosalinity reconstruction in offshore lacustrine basins based on elemental geochemistry: a case study of Middle-Upper Eocene Shahejie Formation, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology Vol. 42, Issue 4, Pages: 1087-1105(2024)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
  2.College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
  3.Shengli Oil Production Plant, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying 257400, China
- Author bio：
  
  reser@cup.edu.cn
- Funds：
- DOI：
  CLC：
- Received：02 June 2023，
  
  Online First：08 October 2023，
  
  Published：01 July 2024
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
SUN Long,WU Shenghe,YUE Dali,et al.Paleosalinity reconstruction in offshore lacustrine basins based on elemental geochemistry: a case study of Middle-Upper Eocene Shahejie Formation, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2024,42(04):1087-1105.
DOI：

SUN Long,WU Shenghe,YUE Dali,et al.Paleosalinity reconstruction in offshore lacustrine basins based on elemental geochemistry: a case study of Middle-Upper Eocene Shahejie Formation, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin[J].Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2024,42(04):1087-1105. DOI：

摘要

Abstract

Salinity is a crucial property of water body and is essential for the restoration of paleoecology and paleoenvironment. However

the theoretical method of application of elemental geochemical proxies to paleosalinity reconstruction is still underdeveloped. Moreover

accurate determination and reconstruction of paleosalinity and its variation in an offshore lacustrine basin have been extremely challenging thus far. This study presents detailed elemental geochemical investigations from the Zhanhua Sag in the southern Bohai Bay Basin to reconstruct the salinity variation in the Paleogene Eocene Shahejie Formation (50.8‍‍‍–‍33.9 Ma). Based on the variation of strontium barium ratio (Sr/Ba) and boron gallium ratio (B/Ga)

we determined three typical salinity types of water body: salty water (Sr/Ba>0.5

B/Ga>6)

brackish water (0.2<Sr/Ba<0.5

3<B/Ga<6)

and fresh water (Sr/Ba<0.2

B/Ga<3)

after eliminating carbonate-sourced strontium (Sr). The salinity values following Couch’s paleosalinometer ranged from 3.1 to 11.9

reflecting the overall characteristics of oligohaline (0.5<salinity value<5) to mesohaline (5<salinity value<18) brackish water. All proxies yielded similar trends in paleosalinity variation

demonstrating a clear trend of rising and then declining from 50.8 Ma to 33.9 Ma. We considered that the B/Ga ratio had the highest reliability and resolution in determining the salinity types of water body in the study area. The environmental factors causing paleosalinity variation were also thoroughly analysed based on the temporal relationship among the salinity types of watermasses

paleoclimate characteristics from pollen records

and marine transgression events from marine fossils. Our research established a model of paleoclimatic and eustatic mechanisms to explain paleosalinity variation

providing reasonable and integral driving forces for the salinity variation of all offshore lacustrine basins.

关键词

Keywords

references

Adams T D , Haynes J R , Walker C T . 1965 . Boron in Holocene illites of the Dovey Estuary, Wales, and its relationship to palaeosalinity in cyclothems . Sedimentology , 4 ( 3 ): 189 - 195 , https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1965.tb01288.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1965.tb01288.x .

Cai G Q , Guo F , Liu X T et al . 2011 . Elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of Cenozoic sedimentary rocks from the Dongying Sag of Jiyang Depression, North China: implications for provenance evolution . Geochemical Journal , 45 ( 1 ): 33 - 55 , https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.1.0092 https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.1.0092 .

Cao X Z , Li S Z , Xu L Q et al . 2015 . Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution and mechanism of tectonic geomorphology in the central North China Block: constraint from apatite fission track thermochronology . Journal of Asian Earth Sciences , 114 : 41 - 53 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.03.041 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.03.041 .

Cao Y C , Wang J , Gao Y J et al . 2011 . Sedimentary characteristics and model of red beds-gypsum salt beds of the Paleogene in Dongying Sag, Jiyang Depression . Journal of Palaeogeography , 13 ( 4 ): 375 - 386 . (in Chinese with English abstract)

Chamley H . 1994 . Clay mineral diagenesis . In: Parker A, Sellwood B W eds. Quantitative Diagenesis: Recent Developments and Applications to Reservoir Geology . Springer, Dordrecht . p. 161 - 188 , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0189-9_5 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0189-9_5 .

Chen T , Zhang J L , Li Y et al . 2021 . Quantitative reconstruction of the palaeoclimate of the Shahejie Formation in the Chezhen Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China . Frontiers of Earth Science , 15 ( 4 ): 909 - 921 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-021-0932-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-021-0932-7 .

Chen Z Y , Chen Z L , Zhang W G . 1997 . Quaternary stratigraphy and trace-element indices of the Yangtze Delta, Eastern China, with special reference to marine transgressions . Quaternary Research , 47 ( 2 ): 181 - 191 , https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.1878 https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.1878 .

Chen Z Y , Song B P , Wang Z H et al . 2000 . Late Quaternary evolution of the sub-aqueous Yangtze Delta, China: sedimentation, stratigraphy, palynology, and deformation . Marine Geology , 162 ( 2-4 ): 423 - 441 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00064-X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00064-X .

Couch E L . 1971 . Calculation of paleosalinities from boron and clay mineral data . AAPG Bulletin , 55 ( 10 ): 1829 - 1837 , https://doi.org/10.1306/819A3DAC-16C5-11D7-8645000102C1865D https://doi.org/10.1306/819A3DAC-16C5-11D7-8645000102C1865D .

Degens E T , Williams E G , Keith M L . 1957 . Environmental studies of carboniferous sediments. Part I: geochemical criteria for differentiating marine from fresh-water shales . AAPG Bulletin , 41 ( 11 ): 2427 - 2455 , https://doi.org/10.1306/0BDA59A5-16BD-11D7-8645000102C1865D https://doi.org/10.1306/0BDA59A5-16BD-11D7-8645000102C1865D .

Edgell H S . 1996 . Salt tectonism in the Persian Gulf basin . Geological Society, London, Special Publications , 100 ( 1 ): 129 - 151 , https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.100.01.10 https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.100.01.10 .

Erbacher J , Huber B T , Norris R D et al . 2001 . Increased thermohaline stratification as a possible cause for an ocean anoxic event in the Cretaceous period . Nature , 409 ( 6818 ): 325 - 327 , https://doi.org/10.1038/35053041 https://doi.org/10.1038/35053041 .

Haq B U , Hardenbol J , Vail P R . 1987 . Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic . Science , 235 ( 4793 ): 1156 - 1167 , https://doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4793.1156 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4793.1156 .

Harder H . 1970 . Boron content of sediments as a tool in facies analysis . Sedimentary Geology , 4 ( 1-2 ): 153 - 175 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(70)90009-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(70)90009-6 .

He J Y , Yu S Y . 1982 . Occurrence of glauconite in lower tertiary of northern Huang-Hua Depression . Earth Science , ( 1 ): 129 - 143 . (in Chinese with English abstract)

Hou D J , Li M W , Huang Q H . 2000 . Marine transgressional events in the gigantic freshwater lake Songliao: paleontological and geochemical evidence . Organic Geochemistry , 31 ( 7-8 ): 763 - 768 , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00065-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00065-6 .

Hua Y Q , Guo X W , Tao Z et al . 2021 . Mechanisms for overpressure generation in the Bonan sag of Zhanhua depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China . Marine and Petroleum Geology , 128 : 105032 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105032 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105032 .

Hudec M R , Jackson M P A . 2006 . Advance of allochthonous salt sheets in passive margins and orogens . AAPG Bulletin , 90 ( 10 ): 1535 - 1564 , https://doi.org/10.1306/05080605143 https://doi.org/10.1306/05080605143 .

Jiang F J , Chen D , Zhu C X et al . 2022 . Mechanisms for the anisotropic enrichment of organic matter in saline lake basin: a case study of the Early Eocene Dongpu Depression, eastern China . Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering , 210 : 110035 , https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PETROL.2021.110035 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PETROL.2021.110035 .

Li C F , Xiao J F . 1988 . The application of trace element to the study on paleosalinities in Shahejie Formation of Dongying Basin Shengli oilfield . Acta Sedimentologica Sinica , 6 ( 4 ): 100 - 107 . (in Chinese with English abstract)

Li T W , Jiang Z X , Xu C L et al . 2017 . Effect of pore structure on shale oil accumulation in the lower third member of the Shahejie formation, Zhanhua Sag, eastern China: evidence from gas adsorption and nuclear magnetic resonance . Marine and Petroleum Geology , 88 : 932 - 949 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.09.030 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.09.030 .

Li Y , Zhang J L , Xu Y H et al . 2022 . Genetic mechanism and grading assessment of the glutenite reservoirs in the Eocene Shahejie Formation, Chezhen Sag, Bohai Bay Basin . Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering , 211 : 110226 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110226 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110226 .

Li Y Y , Zha M , Song R C et al . 2021 . Microstructure and pore systems of shallow-buried fluvial mudstone caprocks in Zhanhua depression, East China inferred from SEM and MICP . Marine and Petroleum Geology , 132 : 105189 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105189 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105189 .

Liu B , Song Y , Zhu K et al . 2020a . Mineralogy and element geochemistry of salinized lacustrine organic-rich shale in the middle Permian Santanghu Basin: implications for paleoenvironment, provenance, tectonic setting and shale oil potential . Marine and Petroleum Geology , 120 : 104569 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104569 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104569 .

Liu L , Chen H D , Wen H G et al . 2020b . Facies architecture and sediment infilling processes in intrabasinal slope belts of lacustrine rift basins, Zhanhua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin . Marine and Petroleum Geology , 112 : 104089 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.104089 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.104089 .

Liu L , Wen H G , Chen H D et al . 2021 . Depositional architectures and evolutional processes of channel systems in lacustrine rift basins: the Eocene Shahejie Formation, Zhanhua depression, Bohai Bay Basin . Marine and Petroleum Geology , 131 : 105155 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105155 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105155 .

Liu Q H , Zhu X M , Yang Y et al . 2016 . Sequence stratigraphy and seismic geomorphology application of facies architecture and sediment-dispersal patterns analysis in the third member of Eocene Shahejie Formation, slope system of Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China . Marine and Petroleum Geology , 78 : 766 - 784 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.11.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.11.015 .

Liu Z H , Huang C J , Algeo T J et al . 2018 . High-resolution astrochronological record for the Paleocene-Oligocene ( 66 - 23 Ma) from the rapidly subsiding Bohai Bay Basin, Chinanortheastern. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 510 : 78 - 92 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.030 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.030 .

Ma X , Hua A , Li J et al . 2000 . Salt Oil and Gas Basin . Petroleum Industry Press , Beijing . p. 1 - 110 . (in Chinese)

Miller K G , Kominz M A , Browning J V et al . 2005 . The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change . Science , 310 ( 5752 ): 1293 - 1298 , https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116412 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116412 .

National Energy Administration . 2010 . SY/T 5163 - 2010 Analysis method for clay minerals and ordinary non-clay minerals in sedimentary rocks by the X-ray diffraction. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)

Ning C X , Jiang Z X , Gao Z Y et al . 2017 . Characteristics and controlling factors of reservoir space of mudstone and shale in Es3x in the Zhanhua Sag . Marine and Petroleum Geology , 88 : 214 - 224 , https://doi.org/10.‍1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.08.025 https://doi.org/10.‍1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.08.025 .

Potter P E , Shimp N F , Witters J . 1963 . Trace elements in marine and fresh-water argillaceous sediments. Geochim . Cosmochim . Acta , 27 ( 6 ): 669 - 694 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(63)90019-X https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(63)90019-X .

Price P B , Walker R M . 1963 . Fossil tracks of charged particles in mica and the age of minerals . Journal of Geophysical Research , 68 ( 16 ): 4847 - 4862 , https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ068i016p04847 https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ068i016p04847 .

Qian K , Shi H X . 1982 . The choice of the method of paleosalinity determination in resources evaluation . Petroleum Exploration and Development , ( 3 ): 32 - 38 . (in Chinese with English abstract)

Shi D S , Li M W , Pang X Q et al . 2005 . Fault-fracture mesh petroleum plays in the Zhanhua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin: Part 2. Oil-source correlation and secondary migration mechanisms . Organic Geochemistry , 36 ( 2 ): 203 - 223 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.09.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.09.003 .

Sun L , Zhang J L , Li Y et al . 2022a . Paleosalinity and lake level fluctuations of the 3 rd Member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation, Chezhen Sag, Bohai Bay Basin . Frontiers of Earth Science , 16 ( 4 ): 949 - 962 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-0979-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-0979-0 .

Sun L , Zhang J L , Zhang T Y et al . 2022b . Paleosalinity reconstruction for the Paleocene sequence of Lishui Sag in the East China Sea Shelf Basin . Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering , 47 ( 6 ): 7433 - 7448 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-06696-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-06696-7 .

Tao C Z , Yin J Y , Liu J L et al . 2015 . Characteristics of hydrocarbon distribution in saline basins of the passive land margin in the South Atlantic . Geological Review , 61 ( S1 ): 168 - 169 . (in Chinese)

Walker C T . 1968 . Evaluation of boron as a paleosalinity indicator and its application to offshore prospects . AAPG Bulletin , 52 ( 5 ): 751 - 766 , https://doi.org/10.1306/5D25C45D-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D https://doi.org/10.1306/5D25C45D-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D .

Walker T R . 1967 . Formation of red beds in modern and ancient deserts . GSA Bulletin , 78 ( 3 ): 353 - 368 , https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1967)78 https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1967)78 [353:FORBIM ] 2.0.CO; 2 .

Walker T R . 1974 . Formation of red beds in moist tropical climates: a hypothesis . GSA Bulletin , 85 ( 4 ): 633 - 638 , https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<633:FORBIM>2.0.CO;2. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<633:FORBIM>2.0.CO;2.

Walker C T , Price N B . 1963 . Departure curves for computing paleosalinity from boron in Illites and shale . AAPG Bulletin , 47 ( 5 ): 833 - 841 , https://doi.org/10.1306/BC743A93-16BE-11D7-8645000102C1865D https://doi.org/10.1306/BC743A93-16BE-11D7-8645000102C1865D .

Wang F , Li J , Chen Y et al . 2015 . The record of mid-Holocene maximum landward marine transgression in the west coast of Bohai Bay, China . Marine Geology , 359 ( 3 ): 89 - 95 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.11.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.11.013 .

Wang Y Y , Guo W Y , Zhang G D . 1979 . Application of some geochemical indicators in determining of sedimentary environment of the Funing Group (Paleogene), Jinhu Depression, Kiangsu Province . Journal of Tongji University , ( 2 ): 51 - 60 . (in Chinese with English abstract)

Weaver C E . 1984 . Shale-Slate Metamorphism in Southern Appalachians . Elsevier, Amsterdam . https://do 10.1016/b978-0-444-42264-4.50008-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-42264-4.50008-6

Wei W , Algeo T J . 2020 . Elemental proxies for paleosalinity analysis of ancient shales and mudrocks . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 287 : 341 - 366 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.06.034 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.06.034 .

Wei W , Algeo T J , Lu Y B et al . 2018 . Identifying marine incursions into the Paleogene Bohai Bay Basin lake system in northeastern China . International Journal of Coal Geology , 200 : 1 - 17 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2018.10.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2018.10.001 .

Wei W , Algeo T J , Lu Y C et al . 2021 . Paleosalinity proxies and marine incursions into the paleogene Bohai Bay Basin Lake System, Northeastern China . Acta Sedimentologica Sinica , 39 ( 3 ): 571 - 592 , https://doi.org/10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.004. https://doi.org/10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.004. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Wei W , Yu W C , Algeo T J et al . 2022 . Boron proxies record paleosalinity variation in the North American Midcontinent Sea in response to Carboniferous glacio-eustasy . Geology , 50 ( 5 ): 537 - 541 , https://doi.org/10.1130/G49521.1 https://doi.org/10.1130/G49521.1 .

Yao W S , Millero F J . 1996 . Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide by hydrous Fe(III) oxides in seawater . Marine Chemistry , 52 ( 1 ): 1 - 16 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(95)00072-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(95)00072-0 .

Ye C C , Yang Y B , Fang X M et al . 2016 . Late Eocene clay boron-derived paleosalinity in the Qaidam Basin and its implications for regional tectonics and climate . Sedimentary Geology , 346 : 49 - 59 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.10.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.10.006 .

Yuan W F , Chen S Y , Zeng C M . 2005 . Research development and prospects on Paleogene sea transgression in Bohai Bay Basin . Acta Sedimentologica Sinica , 23 ( 4 ): 604 - 612 . (in Chinese with English abstract)

Zhang X G , Lin C Y , Zahid M A et al . 2017 . Paleosalinity and water body type of Eocene Pinghu Formation, Xihu Depression, East China Sea Basin . Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering , 158 : 469 - 478 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.08.074 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.08.074 .

Zhang X G , Zhang T , Lin C Y et al . 2020 . Reservoir architecture and evolution of meandering belt: a subsurface case in the Jiyang Depression, eastern China . Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering , 193 : 107380 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107380 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107380 .

Zhao R , Wang Q F , Liu X F et al . 2018 . Uplift history of the Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern North China Craton: implications for lithosphere thinning and gold mineralization . Geological Magazine , 155 ( 4 ): 979 - 991 , https://doi.‍org/10.1017/S0016756816001254 https://doi.‍org/10.1017/S0016756816001254 . https://do 10.1017/s0016756816001254 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816001254

Zhu X M , Liu Q H , Ge J W et al . 2019 . Reconstruction of sediment-dispersal patterns using seismic sedimentology in the southeastern Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China . Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering , 182 : 106335 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106335 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106335 .

Zhu X M , Zhang M Z , Zhu S F et al . 2022 . Shale lithofacies and sedimentary environment of the third member, Shahejie Formation, Zhanhua Sag, Eastern China . Acta Geologica Sinica , 96 ( 3 ): 1024 - 1040 , https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14804 https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14804 .

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Quantifying the non-conservative production of potential temperature over the past 22 000 years

Origin of carbonate materials in the northern Basin of Lake Baikal and its relationship to holocene paleoclimate

A 3600 years paleoclimatic change inferred from organic δ13C and TOC/TN of the Gucheng Lake sediments, southeast China

Paleoclimatic changes in Dabusu Lake

Studies on Distribution Characteristics of CurrentDensity on Anode Wall of Ion Thruster

Related Author

Xiaopei LIN

Xueshuang HAN

Cunjie ZHANG

Qiu Linqing

Douglas F. Williams

Shen Ji

Ryo Matsumoto

Wang Su-min

Related Institution

Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology

Research Vessel Center, Ocean University of China

Dept of Geological Sciences University of South Carolina

Geological Institute University of Tokyo

Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology

Address：Editorial Office of JOL, 88 Haijun Rd. Qingdao, 266000, China
Tel：+86-532-82898754 Email：jol@qdio.ac.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备09064830号-19 京公网安备11010802024621
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰